ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Data from a large case-control study of breast cancer were examined to test the hypothesis that maternal age at the birth of female offspring is related to the incidence of breast cancer in daughters. Participants were between the ages of 20 and 54 at the time of the study. Based on results for 2,492 parous women who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer and 2,687 parous controls from the general population, a 15-year increase in maternal age was found to be associated with a 29% increase in the risk of breast cancer in daughters. Adjustment for the daughter's age, her own reproductive history, and other potential confounding factors yielded an estimate of 25% for this increase in risk (95% CI, 8% to 46%). The corresponding increase among 499 nulliparous cases and 457 nulliparous controls was 7%, which was not statistically significantly different in magnitude from the increase among parous women. These findings provide evidence for perinatal influences on the subsequent incidence of breast cancer during adulthood. Although specific mechanisms cannot be inferred directly, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that mutations in the genes of the human egg or sperm play a role in the etiology of breast cancer in female offspring.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A population-based case-control study was used to investigate associations between prostate cancer and cadmium exposure, longest industry held, and longest occupation held. The study included 358 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer and 679 control men identified from the Utah population. Occupational exposures to cadmium were ascertained from self-reported data, through several a priori suspect industries and occupations, through an occupation-exposure linkage system, and through dietary food frequency questionnaires. Overall, cadmium exposure appeared to result in a small increased relative risk for prostate cancer, most apparent for aggressive tumors (OR = 1.7, CI = 1.0–3.1 for any occupational exposure, high dietary intake, or smoking cigarettes). Cases were more likely to have worked in the following industries: mining, paper and wood, medicine and science, and entertainment and recreation. Among men younger than 67, cases were also more likely to have worked in the food and tobacco industries (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.0–12.8). Cases were less likely to have worked in industries involved with glass, clay and stone, or rubber, plastics, and synthetics. Men employed as janitors and in other building service occupations showed increased relative risk for aggressive tumors (OR = 7.0, CI = 2.5–19.6). Agricultural occupations did not appear to be related to prostate cancer, although an increased relative risk for aggressive tumors was detected among younger men (OR = 2.6, CI = 0.6–12.1).

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Temporal patterns in mortality from 1950 to 1984 in the United States for oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers show some similarities but differ markedly by sex and race. Cohort analyses reveal that among white women, rates for all three cancers declined among those born during the latter half of the 1800s, increased among those born between about 1895 and 1920, and decreased thereafter. Rates among nonwhite women generally follow the patterns among white women, with a lag of about five years. Among white men, except for declining oral cancer mortality among those born from the mid- to late 1800s, cohort-specific patterns are much less remarkable, whereas increases for oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers among nonwhite male cohorts born since 1900 have been steep and have not yet reversed direction as they have for whites. Gender and racial differences in tobacco and alcohol consumption as well as dietary factors are explored as explanations for these patterns.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Linked data bases that derive their information from health care administrative sources are increasingly being used to conduct pharmacoepidemiologic research. Computerized case ascertainment using these data would be highly advantageous in terms of time and cost considerations. For a study of oral-contraceptive-associated deep venous thromboembolism, we evaluated the utility of using anticoagulant treatment codes to validate diagnostic codes suggestive of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. By requiring evidence of outpatient anticoagulant use within six months of hospitalization, the predictive value of case ascertainment increased from 42% to 65% for “probable” deep venous thromboembolism and from 70% to 97% for “possible” deep venous thromboembolism. In addition, use of anticoagulant treatment codes as a second marker of disease resulted in nondifferential outcome misclassification when the study base was restricted to current oral-contraceptive users. Use of confirmatory treatment claims may provide a rapid, cost-effective alternative to medical-record-based case ascertainment for pharmacoepidemiologic studies of selected outcomes conducted in Medicaid and other linked universal health care coverage populations.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We evaluated the relation between postmenopausal estrogen use and the risk of first-time myocardial infarction using both cohort and nested case-control analyses for data derived from a large health maintenance organization. The study population comprised all women aged 50 to 64 years who were members of the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound during the years 1978–1984. In the cohort analysis of 120 cases of first-time myocardial infarction that occurred during 17,513 woman-years at risk among current users and 110,971 woman-years at risk among nonusers of replacement estrogens, the relative incidence of myocardial infarction among current users compared with nonusers, adjusted for age and calendar year, was 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.4–1.3). This small inverse relation between myocardial infarction and current use of replacement estrogens remained unchanged after adjustment in the case-control study for previous prescription of diuretics and antiarhythmic, antihypertensive, and antidi-abetic drugs. These data are consistent with previous observations that estrogen replacement therapy causes a small reduction in the risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction, and incompatible with any large increase in the risk of myocardial infarction in users of replacement estrogen.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Recently there has been considerable public and regulatory concern that radon, produced by the decay of naturally occurring uranium, can accumulate in homes, offices, and schools at levels that may substantially increase the risk of lung cancer. The major cause of lung cancer is smoking, and radon appears to interact multiplicatively with smoking in causing lung cancer. Thus, the most effective way to reduce the increased risk of lung cancer resulting from radon exposure is to cease smoking. In this paper, a model for the risks associated with radon exposure that was developed by a committee of the National Academy of Sciences is used to calculate the benefits, in terms of reduction in lifetime risk of lung cancer, of ceasing to smoke, ceasing radon exposure, or ceasing both. Ceasing to smoke is considerably more beneficial than ceasing radon exposure, and thus policymakers addressing the health effects of radon should place priority on encouraging individuals to stop smoking.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We used data from a population-based case-control study to examine how use of tobacco products and consumption of alcohol, coffee, and caffeine relate to colon cancer in Utah. We hypothesized that low use of these substances is one factor contributing to the low colon cancer incidence in Utah and could help explain the low risk associated for colon cancer with being a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In females, we observed little or no increase in risk of colon cancer from smokingcigarettes or from consumption of alcohol, caffeine, or coffee. Males who used pipes, however, experienced an increased risk for colon cancer (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.3–12.3). Risk for colon cancer associated with alcohol use was greatly attenuated after adjusting for caffeine and pipe use in males; males who consumed-higher levels of caffeine during the two to three years prior to the interview were at higher risk than males who consumed low levels of caffeine (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0–4.2); similar associations were observed for coffee consumption. Nonuse of these substances could explain the low colon cancer incidence rates observed in members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Utah males.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID