ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Inorganic arsenic (In-As) is known to be a human carcinogen, causing lung cancer by inhalation and skin cancer by ingestion. Ecologic studies in Taiwan have found a dose-response relation between ingestion of In-As from drinking water and bladder cancer, but questions have been raised concerning the validity and generalizability of the findings. Several areas of Argentina have had high exposures to arsenic from naturally contaminated drinking water, particularly the eastern region of the province of Córdoba. In this study, we investigated bladder cancer mortality for the years 1986–1991 in Córdoba's 26 counties, using rates for all of Argentina as the standard for comparison. Bladder cancer standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were consistently higher in counties with documented arsenic exposure. We grouped counties into low-, medium-, and high-exposure categories; the corresponding SMRs [with 95% confidence intervals (CI)] were 0.80 (95% CI = 0.66–0.96), 1.42 (95% CI = 1.14–1.74), and 2.14 (95% CI = 1.78–2.53) for men, and 1.21 (95% CI = 0.85–1.64), 1.58 (95% CI = 1.01–2.35), and 1.82 (95% CI = 1.19–2.64) for women. The clear trends found in a population with different genetic composition and a high-protein diet support the findings in Taiwan.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We evaluated the relation between work experience in the United States operations of an electronics company and brain tumor mortality, focusing on video display terminal (VDT) development jobs. Subjects were 149 brain tumor cases and 591 matched controls selected from a company registry of all employees dying between 1975 and 1989. Company databases and interviews with company personnel constituted the basis for work histories, including information on whether subjects had held VDT development jobs. Subjects who worked at plants with hardware or VDT development operations had slightly but imprecisely elevated odds ratios (OR). The study found no meaningful association between VDT development work and brain tumor mortality. Other results included an elevated OR for 10 or more years of employment in engineering/technical jobs [OR = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0–3.0] or in programming jobs (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.1–7.0). The OR for glioma for all subjects who had accrued 5 years of programming work 10 years before the case's death was 3.9 (95% CI = 1.2–12.4). These associations were limited in large part to one of four division groups. Also, only male programmers experienced an elevated OR. These patterns indicate that the associations may be due to chance, although unidentified causal exposures present in a subset of engineering/technical and programming jobs cannot be ruled out.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We utilized data from two Kaiser Permanente medical care programs to evaluate risks of hematopoietic and lymphoproliferative (HLP) malignancies after use of 14 common medications. The subjects were adult cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (N = 94), multiple myeloma (N = 159), and leukemia (N = 257) and individually matched controls (N = 695). Abstractors reviewed medical records and recorded medication notations. Using a minimum 5-year exposure lag between first notation and malignancy diagnosis, the risk of NHL was greater among plan members who were prescribed amphet- amines [odds ratio (OR) = 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–4.8], lidocaine (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.2–5.5), and meprobamate (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.03–4.3). The risk of NHL rose with increasing number of medical record notations for amphetamines; however, there was no association with number of notations for lidocaine or meprobamate. The odds ratio for total leukemia was decreased among patients who took chloramphenicol (OR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.2–0.97).

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We evaluated site-specific cancer risks in alcoholic women. We identified 15,508 alcoholic women from the records of the Temperance Boards in Sweden and obtained a comparison group by selecting for each alcoholic woman one female individual matched for region and day of birth. We obtained incidence data from the Swedish Cancer Registry. We found an increased relative risk (RR) for any cancer [RR = 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–1.8]; site-specific risks were increased for tongue (RR = 8.5; 95% CI = 2.0–37), mouth (RR = 12; 95% CI = 1.6–92), tonsil (RR = 11; 95% CI = 1.4–85), hypopharynx (RR = 9.0; 95% CI = 1.1–71), larynx (RR = 7.0; 95% CI = 0.9–57), liver (RR = 4.6; 95% CI = 1.8–12), pancreas (RR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.6–4.6), lung (RR = 5.0; 95% CI = 3.3–7.5), breast (RR = L4; 95% CI = 1.2–1.7), cervix uteri (RR = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.8–5.4), and vulva, vagina, and unspecified female genital organs (RR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.3–12). We found a decreased risk for malignant melanoma of the skin (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3–1.0). Since this was a register study, the results may be confounded by differences in smoking, dietary habits, and/or other factors in the cohort of alcoholic women and the comparison group.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

There are advantages to viewing the case-control design as a missing-data problem instead of as a sampling problem. In the simplest setup, cases are those members of a population who develop disease; controls can be a small random sample of the large number who do not; and covariates, including exposures and other important variables, are available only for cases and controls and are assumed to be missing at random for the remaining large fraction of the population. This approach allows estimation of the joint distribution of all variables in the population. Thus, when the size of the population is known, analysis is not restricted to logistic and other multiplicative intercept models. Methods based on this approach can obtain estimates and confidence intervals for parameters representing the effect of exposure on disease, with multivariate adjustment for other factors. Thus, case-control data can be used to estimate the risk difference, a parameter with great public health value. The missing-data perspective offers an additional advantage by linking the “study base principle” of control selection with the statistical concept of “missing at random.” As an illustration, I use a subset of data from a case-control study to obtain estimates of the difference between annual risk of bladder cancer for various levels of smoking and lifetime non-smokers, adjusted for occupational exposure.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We examined the relation between area measurements of residential magnetic fields and personal dosimetry measurements among 64 control children age 2–14 years from the National Cancer Institute-Children's Cancer Group's nine-state case-control study of childhood leukemia. During a typical weekday, an activity diary was completed, and a 24-hour measurement was obtained in each child's bedroom. According to the activity diaries, children spent more than 40% of the 24 hours in their bedrooms, and 68% of their time at home. We found that at-home personal dosimetry levels were highly correlated with total personal dosimetry levels in children under 9 years (Spearman correlation coefficient, R = 0.94), whereas the correlation was lower in older children (R = 0.59). For all children combined, bedroom 24–hour measurements correlated well with at-home personal dosimetry levels (R = 0.76). The 24-hour bedroom measurement was a useful predictor of both at-home and total personal dosimetry measurements. Particularly for younger children, our data suggest that in-home area measurements predict both current residential and current total magnetic field exposures. This information will be valuable for assessing the validity of exposure assessment in previous and ongoing studies and for developing measurement protocols for future studies.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To study seasonality in human fecundability, measured indirectly by time to the first pregnancy, we used data from 18,970 French-Canadian women who married for the first time during the 17th or 18th century. The time to pregnancy was approximated by the interval between marriage and first birth minus 38 weeks. We used the week of marriage and the week of conception as references to study seasonality. We found a minor seasonal pattern in time to pregnancy when using the week of marriage as a reference. The proportions of women with a short time to pregnancy were highest during December-January and June-July, indicating that these may be the most fecund periods. In contrast, we found an obvious seasonal pattern when using the date of conception as a reference. This pattern can be largely explained by a strong seasonal pattern in pregnancy planning (in this case, in marriages). When studying seasonal variation in the time to pregnancy, the date of onset of the time to pregnancy should be used as reference, not the date of conception. Otherwise, results will be biased owing to seasonality in pregnancy planning. The same is true for studies on seasonally bound exposures in relation to time to pregnancy.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Understanding the associations between fruit and vegetable intake and other health behaviors is important for properly interpreting the rapidly growing number of studies that link low intakes of fruits and vegetables to the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. To examine the association between fruit and vegetable intake and behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases, we analyzed data from a population-based behavioral risk factor survey. Data were collected in 1990 from 21,892 adults in 16 states by a random-digit-dial telephone survey. Respondents answered questions about behaviors related to chronic disease risk, including their frequency of intake of fruits and vegetables, using a six-item questionnaire. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was lowest among those who also reported that they were sedentary, heavy smokers, heavy drinkers, or had never had their blood cholesterol checked. Because fruit and vegetable intake covaries with several other chronic disease risk factors, it is important to account for possible confounding between fruit and vegetable intake and other behaviors in etiologic studies of the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID