摘要:

With this essay I intend to base a theory of psychodynamics on the concept of ownership. I begin with the crucial but negative notion, unconsciousness, exploring certain ways in which this notion is necessary to any psychodynamic theory. Following Havens (1986), I take the concept of self as supraordinate to the elements of psychoanalytic structural theory. Building upon a unique relationship between the self and the unconscious, I then show that variations in self‐ownership suffice to generate the gamut of psychopathological situations. I critique the economic aspect of Freudian psychodynamic theory, suggesting a way to improve upon it. In light of the theory thus elaborated, I examine the problem of deliberate suffering. Finally, I suggest a place of special importance for the present theory in psychoanalysis and psychiatr

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01660.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Psychotherapy of some fatherless adult patients suggests that they may replace the shameful experience of their childhood by an illusory picture of their past, and that they may exalt their absent fathers to an ideal perfection in order not to face the possibility that their fathers might have been irresponsible deserters. The two conflicting versions of the absent father, one conscious and one unconscious, are reflected in their image of themselves. They do not talk of their shame, because they hide it from themselves and from others, but it emerges in their dreams. They are driven to enact shame repeatedly, not by experiencing it themselves, but by subjecting their partners and lovers to shame. Their anger against the deserting father remains unexpressed, and is revealed, instead, in relation to the therapist, and in other relationships, and should be interpreted as an unconscious device to conceal their shame at the hands of their fathers. Such interpretations take time to be effective, because knowing the true source of anger (the absent father) would bring the patients too close to the unbearable experience of shame.

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01661.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A two‐year follow‐up study investigated changes in interview behaviour of 11 therapists who had previously been trained in the conversational model of psychotherapy by a combined videotaped microteaching and supervision package. Results generally showed the acquired skills had been well maintained. However, there was a large increase in the giving of information and explanation, a behaviour explicitly discouraged within the conversational model. In addition, the response to verbal cues, a positive model behaviour, decreased over the follow‐up p

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01662.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Birtchnell (1988) appeals for an accurate definition of dependence. Such accuracy would help with measurement, prevention and treatment of depression. He describes dependence as a developmental deficiency. In so doing, he presupposes a psychodynamic trait‐based, and gender‐related development model, but does not acknowledge its influence on his thinking. Birtchnell's analysis has three types of problem. The reasoning may be questioned because of faulty inferential leaps, undue reliance on the concept of ‘maturity’, the use of a tautology, (‘The dependent person is … dependent’), internal contradictions, and a questionable analogy between children's and adults' behaviour. Secondly, he appears to suggest that there is empirical evidence to support his theoretical approach, but he does not provide explicit evidence. He draws conclusions about causal links and neglects alternative interpretations, especially the transactional interpersonal element in social relationships. Finally, the analysis is potentially weakened by what may be described as an androcentric bias and relies upon a ‘medical model’ of psychological disorder, which fails to consider the impact of social influences on the expression of emotion. The author argues that it is at present premature and inappropriate to define dependence, but appeals for methods of research which would be more helpful in

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01663.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

What appears to concern Cadbury, as it concerned Kaplan some years earlier, is the suggestion that women may be considered dependent more often than men. My linking dependence with imperfect maturation carried the unfortunate implication that women may be less mature than men. My paper concerned predominantly pathological dependence, which may well be due to imperfect maturation. The distinction between normal and pathological dependence is crucial and has now been more clearly defined. Evidence from a number of sources is provided to confirm that dependence is a complex concept which incorporates the components I proposed. The closeness‐seeking component stands out more distinctly than the others. Dependence is not so much a precursor as a concomitant of depression. Depression is linked only with pathological dependence and this link is probably via a common factor of psychopathology. Pathological dependence is more common in women but only because of its link with depression. There are other pathological forms of relating which are more common in men and which may induce dependence in women. Though conventional femininity may be associated with dependence, dependence as a concept stands up without reference to femininity and applies equally to men and wome

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01664.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes a longitudinal study of fear of death following up fourth‐year medical students in their junior house officer year. It confirms previous findings that the fear of death is and remains multidimensional, with fear of being dead having the lowest score on both occasions and fear of someone close dying being consistently the highest. Fear of death reduces on each dimension over time, though not significantly. An analysis of descriptions of strategies used by students to cope with patient death showed that passive acceptance through rationalizing was the most commonly used, especially by men, followed by supporting the patient emotionally or clinically, which was used especially by women. The highest fear and stress scores were associated with avoidance, dismissal and seeking advice, while the lowest were shown by those who rationalized the event. The paper goes on to describe the relationship of fear of death to various individual differences including empathy, gender, parental death, parental anxiety, and stres

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01665.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new repertory grid was used to compare a group of 27 eating‐disordered women (EDS) with a group of 20 women of normal weight without eating disorders (NWC) on contrasts from theories which link abnormalities in the perception of body and self to the eating disorders. No evidence was found for greater polarization of either self or body images in the EDS. A negative connotation of the body at normal weight and overweight was specific to EDS, but the underweight body did not have a more positive connotation. Negative connotation of normal weight is shown to be more specific for EDS than is negative connotation of the overweight body. There was no evidence for specific implications of weight for sexuality nor for family pressures against sexuality or femininity in EDS although they did construe themselves as less sexual than the NW

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01666.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifty male in‐patients receiving treatment for alcohol dependence were studied on admission using the repertory grid and the grids analysed using the principal component technique (INGRIDA). Three self‐elements were examined: self‐when‐sober, self‐when‐drunk, and ideal self. Sober‐ideal self distance was below average in 90 per cent and drunk‐ideal above average in 83 per cent, suggesting unrealistically favourable perceptions of sobriety and unrealistically unfavourable perceptions of drunkenness. The percentage of total variation accounted for by the first two components (VAR1 + VAR2) was generally high, suggesting tightness of construing. The first grid did not predict treatment completion. Twenty‐eight subjects completed treatment and were given a second grid test on discharge. Consistent changes in grid measures with treatment were not apparent. Forty‐nine subjects were followed up six months after discharge. For the 28 who had completed treatment, tightening of construing during treatment (i.e. a higher value of VAR1 + VAR2 in the second grid than in the first) was associated with drinking at follow‐up. Measures derived from the first grid alone or from the second grid alone were not associated wit

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01667.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Love is Never Enough: How Couples Can Overcome Misunderstandings, Resolve Conflicts and Solve Relationship Problems Through Cognitive Therapy.ByA. T. Beck.The Mirages of Marriage.ByW. J. Ledener&D. D. Jackson.Resolving Resistances in Psychotherapy.ByH. S. Strean.Psychotic Anxieties and Containment: A Personal Record of an Analysis with Winnicott.ByM. I. Little.Brief Therapy: Myths, Methods and Metaphors.Edited byJ. K. Zeig&S. G. Gilligan.Reaching the Affect. Style in the Psychodynamic Therapies.ByE. F. Hammer.A Secret World: Sexuality and the Search for Celibacy.ByA. W. R. Sipe.The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment.ByD. W. Winnicott.A Systemic Harpoon into Family Games: Preventive Interventions in Therapy.ByG. Prata.Theories of Object Relations: Bridges to Self Psychology.Edited byH. A. Bacal&K. M. Newman.Integrative Counselling Skills in Action.ByS. Culley.Current Psychotherapies, 4th ed.ByR. Corsini and D. Wedding.The Birth of the Family: An Empirical Inquiry.ByJ. M. Lewis.Effective Supervision: A Task‐oriented Model For The Mental Health Professions.ByD. Mead.Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents.ByP. Barker.From Conflict to Resolution: Strategies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Distressed Individuals, Couples and Families.ByS. M. Heitler.Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood.Edited byL. Robins&M. Rutter.Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Cancer Psychotherapy Intervention Studies.Edited byH. Balner&Y. van Rood.Clinical Hypnosis and Therapeutic Suggestion in Patient Care.Edited byR. P. Zahourek.Psychotherapy with College Students.Bythe Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Committee on the College Student.Social Skills Training for Psychiatric Patients.ByR. P. Liberman, W. J. De Risi&K. T. Mueser.Further Learning from the Patient.ByP. Casement.Psychotherapy, Meditation and Health: A Cognitive‐Behavioural Perspective.Edited byM. K

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01668.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01659.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY