摘要:

Age and sex variation in the expression of grief were examined using a structured assessment to test clinically based impressions that (1) widowers by comparison with widows and (2) older bereaved persons by comparison with middle‐aged counterparts would report distinctive aspects of grief and less intense distress. One hundred and fourteen acutely bereaved spouses were interviewed one month after a loss. The psychological assessment used was designed to measure several dimensions of grief including separation anxiety, numbness‐disbelief and depression. Widows reported significantly more numbness‐disbelief and depression than widowers but no difference in the intensity of separation anxiety. Contrary to our hypotheses, no attenuation in the intensity of grief was observed among older bereaved spouses, though they reacted to the loss with less emotional numbness and disbelief of the reality than the middle‐aged comparison group. Furthermore, they reported no more neurovegetative or illusory symptoms than middle‐aged, bereaved spouses. Older widowers experienced more separation anxiety than younger widowers. It seems possible that these differences account, in part, for age and sex variation in the morbidity and mortality of be

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Patients admitted to hospital following deliberate self‐poisoning have been shown to have high levels of hostility, but the exact role of hostility in self‐poisoning is not clear. It was hypothesized that those subjects with marked depression would have high intro‐punitive scores whereas those deliberately poisoning themselves who did not have marked depression would have high extra‐punitive scores. Seventy young adults admitted to hospital following deliberate self‐poisoning completed the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire and half of these subjects had an identifiable depressive syndrome. Very high intro‐punitive scores were found in the depressed subjects but high extra‐punitive scores were found in all deliberate self‐poisoning subjects irrespective of depression. This suggests that extra‐punitiveness might distinguish self‐poisoners from other psychiatric patients. Within the self‐poisoning group, high intro‐punitive scores were associated with greatest suicidal intent but further studies are needed to see if these are an aspect of the depression or

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The phenomenon of narcissistic vulnerability is described and the history of the concept is outlined. With clinical illustrations from individual and group psychotherapy it is described how some people are prone to show strong reactions to the narcissistic injuries of feeling slighted or ignored. These are associated with a proneness to shame. Drawing on Broucek's suggestion that the basis of the sense of self is the sense of efficacy, it is proposed that the fundamental injury is an incapacity to evoke a meaningful emotional response in the caretaker. This notion is compared with the related views of Winnicott and Kohut. It is apparent that a superficial mirroring response is not sufficient; what the child (and patient) needs is a deeper empathic response. In therapy, patients attempt to master the original injury by seeking again a response that mirrors in depth.

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The personal themes presented by 210 health care professionals in the training group component of an annual group psychotherapy course are described. The course, begun in 1976, provides inexperienced group leaders with an introduction to theory and a personal group experience in 12 weekly sessions. Within this brief period, the development of a cohesive working group is possible. Members have revealed much personal tragedy which cannot be expressed at work for fear of being thought weak. At times in their clinical work members have felt helpless and hopeless. Giving care and not receiving it has been a burden. The group experience has allowed members to transcend professional rivalries and see each other as people and not in stereotype. Members have often feared damaging their careers by self‐disclosure and, for some, the group has provided the first opportunity for intimate dialogue with colleagues. The groups have supported members through personal crises and helped them make career decisions. The results highlight the value to staff of having a safe, non‐punitive group setting in which they may speak of personal issues that trouble them, begin to become aware of how their own personality and life experience may impair and enrich their ability as therapists, and surmount the obstacle of stereotyping to meet their colleagues in dialo

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02701.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Preliminary findings of a project to introduce a model of group psychotherapy into an acute admission unit are presented. Over a three‐month period, patients' responses to group sessions were recorded using a modified form of the ‘most important event’ questionnaire (Blochet al., 1979). Results are discussed in the context of previous findings and further research direc

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02702.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the relationship between improvement in psychotherapy and changes in cognitive complexity (structural organization and differentiation). Before undergoing 30 sessions of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, 27 psychoneurotic subjects specified the target (major) complaints, described 15 figures (including themselves) and completed the repertory grid. After psychotherapy, subjects rated their improvement on the target complaints and again described the 15 figures and completed the repertory grid. The results showed that improvement in psychotherapy was associated with increased complexity in the patients' cognitive organization of the psychosocial world, but not with increased cognitive differentiation in interpersonal perception. Implications for the theory of neurosis and evaluation of change in the process of psychotherapy are discussed.

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02703.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred and nine men (38 per cent single, 48 per cent married) participated in a survey of the prevalence of erectile and ejaculatory difficulty in a non‐clinical sample. Perceived aetiology of erectile difficulty was also investigated. Twenty‐three per cent of the sample were currently experiencing sexual problems, with ejaculatory difficulty approximately three times as prevalent as erectile difficulty. Nearly one‐quarter had experienced erection difficulties at some time and, of these, 68 per cent had remitted without formal treatment. Most frequently cited ‘causes’ of erectile difficulty were ‘psychological’ rather than ‘physical’, ‘practical’ or specifically ‘sexual’, with relationship factors including communication between partners being perceived as particularly important. The presence of erectile and/or ejaculatory difficulty was related to sexual dissatisfaction but not to ratings of relationship happiness. Men having sexual relationships outside their permanent relationship found their partner less sexually attractive and rated themselves as less happy than those men not having affairs but the two groups did not differ in terms of presence of sexual difficulty or sexual dissatisfaction. The limitations of a sample biased towards younger, more ed

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02704.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between scores on the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS) and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) was examined in a sample of 50 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Age and family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) were positively related to CAD severity. Contrary to prediction, the FTAS demonstrated a non‐significant, inverse relationship with CAD. However, FTAS‐defined Type As with at least some CAD were younger than Type Bs with CAD. This inverse relationship between FTAS scores and age was not found in patients without CAD. Thus, though the FTAS was related to a younger clinical presentation requiring catheterization, it was not associated with the severity of

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02705.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports on two studies of how Type A and B subjects perceive themselves. Both studies investigated differences in self‐ratings of personality by Type As and Bs, and differences in the recall of positive and negative personality information. As predicted, a modest significant positive correlation was found in both studies between Type A scores and number of positive traits remembered, suggesting that Type A behaviours are associated with a tendency to process information about the self in such a way as to bolster self‐esteem. Self‐ratings of positive and negative personality traits showed that Type As tended to rate themselves much more negatively than Type Bs. This provides support for a self‐evaluative model of Type A behaviour. The results are discussed in terms of the paradoxical nature of the Type A behaviour

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02706.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study suggests that the child's emotional reaction to hospitalization is determined by personal, interpersonal and environmental factors. The personal attribute investigated was the child's predisposition to experience anxiety, namely, trait anxiety. The interpersonal influence was the perceived level of maternal anxiety, and the environmental influence was type of hospitalization ‐ traditional hospital or day clinic.We hypothesized that (1) hospitalized children with high trait anxiety would experience higher anxiety state than children with low trait anxiety; (2) hospitalized children who perceive anxious rather than calm mothers would experience more anxiety; (3) children in a traditional hospital would experience higher anxiety state than children in a day clinic; and (4) the most anxious children would be those who have high trait anxiety, are exposed to anxious mothers and are hospitalized in a traditional hospital.Results indicate that the child's level of trait anxiety predicted the level of experienced anxiety and so did perceived maternal anxiety. Type of hospitalization did not influence the level of anxiety, but children with high trait anxiety who attributed to their mothers a high level of anxiety reported more anxiety in the day clinic rather than in the hospital. The findings imply that, when helping children and families deal with hospitalization, personal, interpersonal and environmental factors have to be considere

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02707.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY