ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The dimensions and structures of opinions on the welfare state are not well known. This study distinguishes five dimensions based on previous literature: responsibility for welfare, financing of the welfare state, the use of benefits, the adequacy of the welfare state benefits and the effects of the welfare state. One or more attitude indicators are formed for each dimension by means of factor analysis of empirical material. Examination of the correlations between the dimensions and attitudes yields two opinion structures. A supportive attitude structure is founded on the concept that public authorities have responsibility for welfare services, a positive attitude towards public financing of welfare services, and on the concepts that the amount and quality of services and the level of income transfers is not adequate. The critical cluster of attitudes is formed by the reliance on private responsibility, negative attitude towards public financing and on the concepts that benefits are overused and that the welfare state makes its clients passive. Finally, the variation in attitudes among the population of Finland are studied by means of regression analysis. Social class, age and political party sympathies are the most important explanatory factors for a range of attitudes.

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The work‐welfare nexus is essential in all social policy regimes. The question is in what situations individuals should be entitled to social welfare benefits and in which situations they should be obliged to work. Social welfare law and administrative practices define mechanisms that separate the deserving poor from people able to work. This article analyses the functions and character of these “separation mechanisms” in Sweden during three periods in history: a) in rural society in the late 19th century; b) in industrial society during the successful years of the Swedish model from World War II until the late 1970s; and c) the present, including the period of welfare retrenchment and reconsideration since the early 1980s. The conclusion is that Swedish social policy has always been strongly work‐oriented, but the specific form and content of the work ethic has varied under the influence of different ideologies and handled in different social policy institutions. Under specific conditions the work line has been either generous or restrictive and it has been based on structural attempts to improve the opportunities to work as well as on attempts to strongly pressure the individual to work. The work line of today is seen as an interesting attempt to combine an effort to create good work through improved work conditions and an effort to reinforce elements of work enforcement in the social insurance

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the discrepancy between parental reports indicating a high prevalence of feeding problems during infancy and the relatively low identification rate of such cases at child health care centers. Thirty nurses were interviewed about definitions, prevalence, causes, and interventions for such problems. Thereafter, they were retrospectively asked about presence of feeding problems in 30 infants, for whom parents had reported existence of feeding problems, and in 30 control infants. A group (n=22) based on parent‐nurse agreement about the existence of a problem was compared with a group (n= 8) identified as problematic by parents only and with the control group. The parent‐nurse agreement group stood out as more burdened: infant growth was affected, there had been feeding history problems (breastfeeding, weaning and protracted meals) and the level of parental concern was higher. More infant respiratory infections were reported, and more medication had been prescribed for this group. Although nurses seemed to rely to a great extent on parental reports in identifying feeding problems, the present results suggested that the parent‐nurse discrepancy in identification rate may occur due to nurses' weighting of parental complaints with other factors such as the child's general condition and the family social situ

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The parents' perception of how much their infant cries does not always correspond to the objective amount. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the parents' perception of the infants' crying and the objective amount of crying and to explore the factors of conceivable importance to the perception of infant crying as well as to the measurable amount of crying. The group studied consisted of 122 infants and their parents. According to the mothers' perception — responses to a questionnaire — 86 of these were non‐crying and 36 crying infants. According to the mothers, 22 non‐crying infants cried as much as or more than those who were considered as crying. Nine categorized by their mothers as crying infants cried less than those categorized as non‐crying. Thus, there was a mismatch between subjective and objective crying and non‐crying. One factor found to be relevant for the mother's experience of the infant's crying was the explanations the parents gave about crying in their infant. Objective crying differed significantly between the families who had 0–1 siblings and those who had two siblings or more. Correlated with objective crying were the father's age, the father's perception of his wife's recent delivery and the mother's emotional feelings recorded in diaries during the observation weeks. Correlated with subjective crying in the infant were pain relief during delivery and the mother's emoti

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty‐one newly arrived war‐wounded refugees were interviewed about their background and flight while treated at the Medical Center for Refugees, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. They came from 9 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Spinal cord injuries, nerve lesions, amputations and fractures were the most frequent injuries. The group was heavily burdened with regard to factors that might be of significance for wellbeing and integration in Swedish society: torture (51%), imprisonment (49%), loss of kin in war (62%), difficulties while growing up (54%), little or no schooling (48%), not having made the decision to flee oneself (46%) and having to leave the family behind (90%). This study is a first step in a longitudinal research project to shed light upon the situation of war‐wounded refugees on arrival in Sweden and after 2

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article illustrates the differences in knowledge about HIV and AIDS and attitudes among 150 young women from three different countries (Sweden, Chile and Ecuador). In each country, 50 consecutive women, visiting a family planning clinic answered 23 structured questions. The questionnaire was translated into Spanish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of age, education, ethnicity and religion on young women's knowledge of HIV and AIDS. This study shows that ethnicity is the most important independent variable influencing the level of knowledge (stepwise logistic regression). Also, in Chile and Ecuador, less than 10% of the women in the study required that their partner use a condom. In Sweden the use of condoms is often combined with another contraceptive, yet more than two thirds of the women in Sweden were unprotected from a sexually transmitted disease during coitus.

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pension reform has been placed on the political agenda in many countries. The Swedish parliament has decided to make significant changes in the pension system. This article presents the Swedish pension reform, which goes further than the changes in other European countries. According to the Swedish pension reform, there will be a guaranteed pension that redistributes life‐cycle incomes from rich to poor and an income‐related actuarial pension without any intra‐ and intergenerational redistributive effects (with a few exceptions). The idea is to have an actuarial contribution‐defined pension within a pay‐as‐yo

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from the total urban population 75 years and older in Kungsholmen, Stockholm were used to calculate the distribution of home help services. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about education, occupation, living conditions, Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale, contact with the family, medical treatment and also questions about help needed and functional ability. Home help was considered to be provided when the subjects reported receiving home help service from the municipality. The number of hours of home help and the services received were registered. The results show that 86% of the elderly population in the Municipality of Kungsholmen live in their own homes, even when they are very old. Twenty‐seven percent of those over 74 years and 33% of those over 80 years received home help services. The people receiving help were mostly women, single living, older and with disability detected by the Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale. The predicting factors of hours of home help are older age, condition of single living, disability detected by the Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale and less years of education. Our results also show that, among those who receive home help service, those with disability in the activities of daily living get more hours of help. However, a considerable group of elderly people are disabled but do not receive any home help. Our data stress the need for more attention by health care planners of domiciliary and intensive care and residential facilities for the high risk population (very old, living alone and with disability

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00114.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In assessing the appropriateness of contemporary social work education to its context, the article assumes that social work practice and education must relate to its social reality. The article argues that, since the 1970s, that reality has changed in relation to the role of the welfare state, perceptions of economic growth and the independence of the state. As a result, the roles of civil society, the community and welfare personnel have changed, with implications for social work. At the same time, the earlier tendency of social work to avoid the major social issues of the day is no longer appropriate, and the article outlines five major issues needing to be addressed by social work. In conclusion, the article presents four options that social work education should, as a total profession, address, if the profession is to play the roles demanded of it by its contemporary social reality.

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1995.tb00115.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY