ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00236.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Finland has been a latecomer in its development of social services. Nevertheless, during the 1970s and 1980s, it constructed a wide‐ranging system of social services. This is a result of cooperation, but also of inter‐administrational struggle between central and local government. The provision of Finnish social services has been the responsibility of self‐governing local municipalities, although it is subsidized and controlled by the state. The proportion of state financing has increased remarkably during the last decades, but the municipalities still finance half of their social service expenditure themselves. The economic recession of the 1990s has led to a restructuring of the Finnish model of social services, but local government will evidently remain at the center of decision‐making on social service pr

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00237.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Old age care in Sweden expanded greatly in all areas in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, both institutional and in‐home services have retreated. Little substitution between the two kinds of care can be observed. Cutbacks relative to demographic needs, and probably also to actual needs, have occurred, nationally and locally. Home help is analyzed as a metaphor for social services and welfare at large. The strategy has been to give priority to the frailest and oldest clients. Others often have to make do without any services. Also, current recipients of home help services now get different inputs: in the 1980s and earlier, 8 of 10 home help hours were used for homemaking (such as shopping, cooking, cleaning and laundry); in the 1990s about half is used for personal care of the client

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00238.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sweden is famous for its high rates of female employment and fertility. This study uses longitudinal data from a nationwide Swedish company for 1983–1987 to address the role of the national parental leave program in facilitating women's combination of childbearing and paid work. In particular, we study how Swedish women used the options of paid parental leave (full time or part time), unpaid leave and reduced hours after childbirth. The flexibility and generosity of the program makes it possible for women to choose the combination of program usage and paid work that fits their family and work situation. We identify five distinctly different patterns of program usage (strategies) that are also found to differ in their determinants. For example, women who plan another child are more likely to stretch out their leave longer, and those older and more educated choose strategies that imply a quicker return to wor

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00239.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stress was defined as a conflict experienced between contradictory demands on the disposition of time and space in the life situation of caregivers. The following questions were asked: are there any family or gender related patterns to be found in the individual expressions of stress experiences? How can differences in stress experiences be explained in terms of work load, sociocultural demands related to gender and family relations, or lack of control in everyday life? What are the effects of a well developed welfare system? What are the differences between a rural and an urban setting and how do different life modes influence sociocultural demands and individual decision latitudes, creating and limiting different contributions of care? How are cultural characteristics reflected in stress experiences? The sample consists of 99 care recipients, all in intense formal care, and the person identified by the care recipient as the person in the informal network who contributed most or took most responsibility in caregiving. Stress experience among main helpers is related to area of living, main helper's gender, kin relation to the care recipient and lack of a shared responsibility within the informal network. Obtaining support in the caring situation reduces the instrumental demands and also the experience of stress. Women in urban areas had less caring commitments in the informal network but also experienced more stress. Help from public home services, however, was not found to reduce the instrumental demands and experiences of stress in all situations.

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00240.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For the past two decades, in many Western industrialized states, problems of their welfare systems have become more and more obvious. Three common complaints about welfare systems are high taxation, minimal effectiveness and impersonal bureaucracy. Various measures (such as budget cuts, decentralization and privatization) have been undertaken in order to overcome these problems by many welfare states. In any case, public welfare systems in many Western industrialized states do not cover the affective element which is inherent in the Korean welfare system. In Korea, where the public welfare system is in the formative stage, mutual aid, which is based on a long tradition of personal and voluntary networking, has played an important role in meeting citizens' welfare needs not only by material aid but also by psychological support. To understand welfare in society, it is necessary not only to study the welfare provided by the state and the market but also to consider the welfare provided by mutual aid networks.

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00241.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study concerns multivariate prediction of the short‐term outcome of alcoholism in a coercive treatment setting in Sweden. One hundred and twenty‐one patients (87 men, 34 women) with a mean age of 41 (range 26–63) years attended a 5‐week program. They were for the most part severely alcohol‐dependent and socially unstable. Compulsorily committed patients (n‐32) were less socially stable but did not differ from the voluntary patients (n=89) in the type of drugs abused. Nine months (mean) after treatment, a follow‐up was performed by mailing questionnaires to the patients and to the referring social workers. The improvement data in the questionnaires were checked with other data. Data on alcohol abuse were available for 116 (96%) of the patients; 55% improved. Of these, 13% had remained entirely abstinent. Using multivariate logistic regression, participation in a self‐help group and first‐time admission were found to be significant factors for overall improvement, while having a family and more than primary education were significant for abstinence. Compulsory commitment to treatment was not related to the short‐term drinking outcome. Undergoing voluntary treatment and having previous treatment experience were significant factors for participation

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00242.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00243.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00244.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00245.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY