摘要:

AbstractLaboratory studies of sexual behavior in gorillas and orang‐utans produced few pregnancies despite the occurrence of mating, including mating during the midcycle, which is the presumptively ovulatory phase of the cycle. Comparison of laboratory and field data suggests that for both these species, as well as for the chimpanzee, mating occurs more frenquently throughout the cycle in the laboratory than in the field. This increased mating occurs as a result of relatively increased male sexual initiative (chimpanzee and orang‐utan) or male intimidation of the female (gorilla), made possible by (1) male dominance over females, and (2) testing in a single cage which prevents the female from avoiding or escaping the male. Some limited data on gorillas suggest that the probability of conceptions is increased when the frequency of copulation in the cycle is decreased. Preliminary data from an ongoing laboratory study of orang‐utans suggest a similar conclusion for this species. Several pregnancies were produced using a limited access test condition in which the female, rather than the male, determined whether and when copulation could occur. Under these conditions, mating occurred less freqeuntly and was more restricted to the midcycle phase than during the earlier testing in a single cage which compromised female options regarding mating. The data suggest that the failure of some gorillas and orang‐utans to produce offspring, despite mating during midcycle, is due to a reduced capacity of the males of these species to impregnate females as a result of relatively increased copulation prior to the time that the female ovulates. The male gorilla and orang‐utan differ from the male chimpanzee in this respect, and this difference is related to differences in testis/body weight ratios and species‐typical pattern

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030512

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reproductive success of the great apes is a matter of considerable importance. The variables that contribute to reproductive failure are many. Environmental variables may be classified as physical or social. Historically, authorities have suggested that environments should be large, dynamic, natural, challenging, and occupied by social groups. Valid habitats contribute to the normal development of social and ultimately reproductive behaviors. Intelligence may also be affected by the nature of the environment. In encouraging naturalistic and complex habitats, it is essential that existing and future environments be evaluated and compared. If research can be focused on the applied problems of management and exhibition, more humane and stimulating environments can ultimately be created, and captive propagation may reach an optimal level.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030513

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is proposed that differences in fertility between naturally living great apes (Pongidae, Primates) and captive individuals are caused, in part, by an absence of naturalistic features in captive habitats. One component of probable importance in the natural habitat of pongids is temporal complexity. This is indicated by description of climate fluctuations over the pongid geographic range. In this paper the introduction of temporal complexity to captive habitats is proposed as an important modification that should contribute substantially to improved fertility of the captive great ape, in addition to greater utilization by researchers. Improvements of this sort are not economically feasible, however, if traditional building designs are utilized. Adoption of an enlightened perspective using appropriate, alternative technologies is a requirement for cost effective improvements. A first priority in such an approach is a revision of attitudes toward appropriate designs, and a collaboration between agencies responsible for establishing building costs and those for setting maintenance costs.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030514

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDiagnosis and therapy of infertility in male great apes is not extensively documented. Current suspicion that male infertility is a significant cause of reproductive failure in captive populations of great apes prompted this discussion of veterinary andrology in the ape. The differential diagnosis of infertility in the great ape must include consideration of the numerous pathways of psychoendocrine disease. We must develop methods of preventing and treating neurogenic as well as organic causes of infertility. The rationale for classifying problems of subfertility as primary testicular failure, secondary testicular failure, and normal testicular function is presented along with a current list of pharmacological compounds used to treat infertility. Specific pathological conditions and infections of the male reproductive tract that the veterinary clinician should be familiar with are presented. The implications of syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydial urethritis, genital herpes, and Mycoplasma infection in the great ape are reviewed. The immunological aspects of male ape infertility and therapeutic regimens that may have application are briefly discussed. Our broadening responsibilities to enhance the successful breeding of apes in captivity dictate that the veterinary clinician expand his knowledge and ability to treat male infertility.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030515

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe current status of wild gorilla populations and observations of reproductive behavior in wild mountain gorillas are described. The entire world population of gorillas is now less than 12,000, of which about 500 are in captivity. Only about 3,000 wild gorillas live in conservation areas. There are 9,000‐10,000 lowland gorillas, about 400 eastern lowland gorillas, and only about 220 mountain gorillas. The author observed mountain gorillas for 13 years in the Virunga Volcano region of Zaire, Rwanda, and Uganda. Among adult gorillas, 580 copulations were observed. Most of these were initiated by females. Details of sexual behavior and development in free‐living gorillas are presen

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030516

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEarly observations of gorillas and the history of gorillas kept in captivity are reviewed, with a focus on captive management. Improvements are noted that have resulted in some reproduction by captive gorillas. More than 180 fullterm pregnancies were recorded in captive gorillas between 1956 and 1976. Progress has been made in restricting importation of wild gorillas and in cooperative efforts to improve understanding of gorilla reproduction and to apply this knowledge to the enhancement of captive breeding. Analyses of gorilla studbooks are reported in detail and prospects for future management are outlined.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030517

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTesticular biopsy has long been accepted as a tool for evaluating fertility of human males. This study examined the use of testicular biopsy for evaluating fertility of gorillas. Biopsies were collected from six captive adult gorillas. Hyperplasia of interstitial tissue was noted in three subjects, but other evidence suggests that this may be fairly characteristic of gorillas, even in natural settings. The most notable finding was that spermatogenesis was interrupted in the spermatid stage in each examined. This condition is present in about 1/3 of human infertility cases. Potential causes include the following: chemical agents (lead, insecticides, other airborne toxins) and physical agents (especially those resulting in localized temperature elevation). Failure to provide the basis for even minimum environmental contexts for behavioral development, disease and nutritional deficiency are other potential causes of gorilla infertility.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030518

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this discussion group was to examine a number of medical issues related to the fertility of great apes in captivity. Scientists and clinicians representing institutions and projects that impact these areas were invited to present their most recent findings and to describe the diagnostic resources available to the primary health care team. (See Table I.) The final goal of the group was to suggest a protocol for a medical examination to determine the cause of infertility. This protocol, given in Table II, is an outline for the clinician gathering data on an individual infertile ape as well as on reproductively successful individuals and groups. It should be used as a starting point; any of the headings may be fully explored by the investigator as suggested by the case.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030519

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVariation in reproductive success in each sex is a consequence of (a) mate choice for an individual's attributes, such as its rank, age, reproductive experience, etc, and the material benefits, such as resources and services, that the individual can provide and (b) intrasexual competition for the preferred attributes and material benefits. This paper reviews the many factors influencing reproductive success in primates, examines the mechanisms producing variation in success, and discusses the selective bassis for attractive qualities.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030520

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeasonality of births occurs in a variety of animals including nonhuman primates and humans. Seasonal reproduction in humans is dampened by comparison with many animal species, and the factors controlling seasonality are more complex. It has proven difficult to unravel the multiplicity of variables controlling seasonal reproduction in humans. In this review, the seasonal variation in human reproduction is compared with that which occurs in freeranging troops of nonhuman primates in an effort to gain insight into the human phenomenon. This comparison shows that in both nonhuman primates and in humans, photoperiod is an important impeller of seasonal reproduction. Also, seasonal reproduction in nonhuman primates and humans is driven by a complex interaction between the animal and the social environment. This paper focuses on environmental impellers of seasonal reproduction in the male. Free‐ranging male macaques exposed to a natural environment show a waxing and waning of sexual behavior, testosterone production, and spermatogenesis with a peak during mating season and a nadir during the birth season. Male macaques deprived of social cues from sexually receptive and/or attractive females undergo an incomplete or retarded sexual recrudescence when compared to male macaques exposed to a physical and social environment that initiates mating activity in a breeding group of male and female macaques. These latter results suggest that recrudescence of reproduction in male nonhuman primates during the mating season is dependent on cues from both the social and the physical environment. These results from nonhuman primates, together with results of the review of seasonal variation in human reproduction, suggest that the human female might play a key role in seasonality of births. Therefore, it is suggested that future research designed to unravel factors controlling seasonal patterns of human reproduction focus on factors regulating male‐female interaction, female sexual behavior, and female fecund

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030521

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY