摘要:

AbstractTo date humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans are the only species which have been shown capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. Several species of macaques have now been provided with years of continuous exposure to mirrors, but they still persist in reacting to their reflection as if they were seeing other monkeys. Even gibbons (apes) and gorillas (great apes) seem incapable of learning that their behavior is the source of the behavior depicted in the image. Most primates, therefore, appear to lack a cognitive category for processing mirrored information about themselves. The implications of these data for traditional views of consciousness are considered briefly, and a recent attempt to develop an operant analog to self‐recognition is critically evaluated. Finally, an attempt is made to show that self‐awareness, consciousness, and mind are not mutually exclusive cognitive categories and that the emergence of self‐awareness may be equivalent to the emergence of mind. Several indices of “mind” which can be applied to nonhuman species are discussed in the context of an attempt to develop a comparative psycholog

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe social behavior of male stumptail macaques was analyzed in terms of behavioral sequences recorded during paired encounters in a large test cage. Recurrent patterns of behavioral sequences were sought and used to hypothesize the structure of motivational systems of social behavior as has been done previously for other species. In addition to traditional statistical analyses to determine which dyadic behavioral sequences were nonrandom, there were several methodological innovations. Instead of analyzing behavior as a single channel of communications, we analyzed three independent channels and considered their inter‐correlations: 1) acts and postures; 2) vocalizations; and 3) facial expressions. Also, we analyzed not only within‐animal behavioral sequences but between‐animal sequences as well. Results were derived from 40 tests, most of which included vigorous agonistic and sexual interactions and a behavioral repertoire similar to that of adult male stumptail macaques observed by previous investigators. There were 30 acts and postures, eight facial expressions, and seven vocalizations that occurred more than five times. Many acts and postures occurred in nonrandom sequences, 43 such sequences within‐animal and 40 between‐animal. From these sequences and their correlations with specific vocalizations and facial expressions, it was possible to differentiate six categories of social behavior that may correspond to six different motivational systems: offense, defense, submission, groom and contact, male sexual behavior, and display. Both the frequency of behaviors in each category and the nature of the behavioral sequences were affected by the relative dominance of the tw

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHeterologous radioimmunoassays (RIA) for macaque LH and FSH were validated for the measurement of these hormones in the sooty mangabey and mangabey pituitary LH was characterized relative to rhesus monkey LH. Dilutions of a pituitary mangabey extract and a partially purified preparation of mangabey LH ran parallel to a rhesus monkey standard (LER 1909‐2) in the ovine‐ovine (o‐o) LH assay but showed some deviation from parallelism in the rhesus monkey FSH assay. The LH potency of the mangabey extract and standard were six and 190 times more potent, respectively, than LER 1909‐2 in the LH RIA. Mangabey LH was estimated to have a molecular weight of 40,000–42,000 daltons vs 35,000–38,000 daltons for rhesus LH on Sephadex G‐100 chromatography.Plasma levels of radioimmunoreactive LH, FSH, and testosterone were assayed before and after a bolus administration of 25, 50, or 100 μg synthetic go‐nadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to adult male mangabeys. A significant increase in serum levels of LH was seen within 30 min with levels more than fourfold higher than the basal level of LH after administration of 100 μg GnRH. However, no consistent increases in plasma FSH values were detected. The integrated mean LH response above preinjection levels following 25, 50, or 100 μg GnRH was dose related. Serum levels of testosterone were also elevated after administration of GnRH, but peak concentrations of testosterone lagged behind peak levels of LH by approximately 30 min.These studies indicate that the heterologous RIAs may be used for measuring gonadotropins in the mangabey and that the male mangabey is apparently more sensitive to GnRH than

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTesticular luteinizing hormone (LH/hCG) receptors were characterized in seven green monkeys and compared with those of four rhesus monkeys. Testicular tissue showed high binding affinity for125I‐hCG, (0.9–2.5 × 109M−1, and 0.7–1.64 × 109M−1respectively, for green and rhesus monkeys) and low binding capacity (0.343–0.682 fmol/mg and 0.198–0.355 fmol/mg testicular homogenate, respectively). There was no difference in binding affinity between the two groups. Testicular LH/hCG receptors in both species bound human LH (hLH) and hCG but did not cross react with ovine LH (oLH). Rat testicular tissue showed similar high binding affinity (6.4 × 109M−1) and low binding capacity (1.04 fmol/mg tissue homogenate) for125I‐hCG. Rat LH/hCG receptors bound hLH, hCG, and oLH

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSevere gallstone disease was found at necropsy in a 24‐year‐old female monkey which died of pyelonephritis. Reports of spontaneous cholelithiasis in rhesus monkeys are rare. This is the first description of gallstone disease in a non‐human primate caused by calcium bilirubinate chole

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA detailed eruption sequence and associated age of eruption for deciduous dentition in baboons (Papiosp) are presented in this paper. The sequence was determined by evaluation and comparison of the number and kinds of teeth present in nine age cohorts comprising the study sample of 88 males and 87 females who ranged in age from birth to 763 days. Eruption was assessed visually as present or absent. Several statistical methods used to derive the ages associated with the eruption sequence are described. The basic eruption sequence in the sample population is: i1i1, i2, i2,\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm c}\limits_{\rm -} {\rm,}\mathop {\rm c}\limits^{\rm -} $\end{document}m1(m2, m2), M1, M1. Both sexes show the same pattern, with the exception of the second deciduous molar, where males show a sequence of m2, m2, while females show the opposite. Posterior dentition shows the greatest gender‐specific variation in average age of eruptio

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough the sexual behavior of female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has been reported to decrease during pregnancy, systematic studies have been largely confined to reports of male behavior. Therefore, we designed a study to examine changes in female sexual behavior during pregnancy. Six cycling multiparous female rhesus macaques were paired during the periovulatory period of the menstrual cycle and during the first and second halves of pregnancy with six sexually experienced males of the same species. Each female was paired with the same male in all tests. The means of the behavioral measures scored on days 11–13 of the menstrual cycle, 35–56 of pregnancy, and 147–168 of pregnancy were compared. Females showed a significant decrease in the present contact ratio and the rate of threat‐aways during pregnancy. Males showed lower rates of threatening‐away, contacting, mounting, intromitting, and ejaculating when females were pregnant. The extent to which the decrease in male sexual behavior can be accounted for by an increase in female rejection is uncertain, but it is probably as significant as any loss of attractiveness that might accompany

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo zoo‐reared gorillas were each given nearly 400 h of mirror exposure. Extensive mirror gazing and social behaviors were exhibited, the frequency of which decreased gradually over the study period. Neither animal demonstrated the transition from other‐directed to self‐directed behavior characteristic of both chimpanzees and orangutans, and no evidence of self‐recognition was found using the Gallup marking paradigm. These negative findings, after extensive mirror exposure, suggest that the gorilla may be the only great ape which lacks the conceptual ability necessary for self‐re

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCirculating levels of steroid and protein hormones were measured in 17 adult male lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). The population included both fertile and infertile males as identified by previous siring of offspring and presence or absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate obtained by rectal probe electrostimulation.Correlations were sought between levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, 170H‐progesterone, dihydroepiandrosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), and potential fertility status.The results identify normal circulating levels of these hormones, and indicate that aspermatogenesis and infertility are not necessarily associated with any alteration in levels of gonadal steroids. There is an association of aspermatogenesis with elevation of FSH. Levels of adrenal androgens are more similar to other non‐human primates than to the human, which is of interest because in other aspects of reproductive physiology so far investigated the gorilla has proved to resemble the human more closely than it does the other nonhuman pri

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350020311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY