摘要:

AbstractWhen rhesus monkeys are observed in social groups during the breeding season, increases in interfemale aggression coincide with midcycle increases in sexual activity between males and females. However, some investigators have suggested that both aggressive and affiliative interactions between females are influenced by the presence or absence of males, irrespective of menstrual cycle stage. In the present study, social interactions among members of a captive group of rhesus females were measured during the non‐breeding season in response to the introduction of rhesus males. Ovariectomized rhesus females (estrogen‐treated or untreated) served as stimulus controls. Tests with males were characterized by significantly decreased interfemale proximity and grooming and significantly increased aggression from that seen in tests with stimulus females or in the absence of stimulus animals. Only interfemale proximity declined significantly during stimulus female tests, but results suggest that this may merely reflect a decline in this behavior that occurs across the course of the day. Estrogen treatment did not alter either the aggressive or affiliative behavior of stimulus females or group female response to stimulus females. The possibility is discussed that changes in interfemale interactions during tests with males reflect female interest in interacting with the male, particularly under social conditions that may limit such interacti

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe behavioral development of 96 baboons was systematically recorded from birth to 84 months of age. Eight behaviors were selected as criteria for examining the effects of early rearing experiences (mother‐peer vs peer‐peer), gender, age, and cohort as possible sources of variance in the development of affinitive behaviors of this species. Stepwise multiple regression was used to analyze the data and provide quantitative descriptions of the relationships between the selected independent variables and the rates of social behavior during maturation. Among the behaviors studied, three types of developmental patterns were identified.Embraceandgroomshared the first developmental pattern;muzzle‐bodyandmuzzle‐muzzle, the second; andcontact, hold, huddle, touch, the third. Gender differences were evident in only the first behavior pattern group. Age was a strong predictor of behavioral performance rate in all buthuddle.Cohort, or the combined effects of age, body size, and temporal peer grouping, was an important predictive factor in all butcontactandmuzzle‐muzzlebehavior. Early rearing experiences did not produce any significant differences in performance of the affinitive behaviors studied. It is suggested that genetic control of maturation shapes the development of these behaviors in baboons, regardless of subtle environmental ex

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe objective of this study was to expand the data on menstrual cycle serum hormone patterns in female common chimpanzees, both in terms of the number of cycles analyzed and by the addition of data on testosterone levels. Samples were obtained from 11 unanesthetized animals trained for conscious blood withdrawal. LH, FSH, 17β‐estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T) were measured by radioimmunoassay, genital swelling was recorded, and menstrual blood was noted. Concurrent midcycle elevations in LH and FSH and luteal phase elevations in progesterone suggested that the cycles were ovulatory. Detumescence of genital swelling occurred about 3 days after the midcycle LH peak, 1 day after the luteal phase nadir in E2, and 1 day after P levels exceeded 5 ng/ml. These relationships provide further support for the use of genital swelling in monitoring progress of the menstrual cycle. The hormone patterns in the chimpanzees closely resembled those of the human females, but E2and T levels were higher. The levels of E2and T were higher and the midcycle elevation in T was broader in the chimpanzee than in gorillas and orangutans. This is of interest because E2and T are implicated in the regulation of mating, and chimpanzees mate over a greater portion of the cycle than the other apes. These data indicate the need for further study of hormonal contributions to the different patterns of mating in the great apes. They also support the use of the female common chimpanzee as a model for the human female in endocrine studies of the menstrual cyc

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndirect measurements of arterial blood pressure were made in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) employing a Doppler ultrasound stethoscope and standard cuff and an Infrasonde automatic blood pressure recorder. Measurements were obtained from anesthetized (10 mg/kg ketamine (HCI) and unanesthetized (1.5 mg/kg ketamine HCI) animals. Ketamine had no significant effect on blood pressure. Indirect measurements from the brachial artery were compared with direct femoral artery measurements and with each other. Systolic blood pressures measured by the Doppler (r= .948) and Infrasonde (r= .920) methods correlated closely with direct measurements but were significantly lower than systolic blood pressures measured by the direct method. Diastolic blood pressures measured by the Infrasonde method agreed closely with direct measurements (r= .947). Systolic blood pressures measured by the indirect methods correlated closely in both anesthetized (r= .973) and unanesthetized (r= .834) animals and were not significantly different. Mean blood pressures calculated from direct and Infrasonde measurements also correlated closely (r= .963), with direct measurements being 4 mmHg higher on the average. Mean blood pressures are less influenced by methodology and are more reproducible than other pressures. These noninvasive methods can be used to obtain simple and accurate measurements of blood pressure from anesthetized and unanesthetized monkeys and are of value in long‐term studies in monkey

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA loud call of the ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) was analyzed for subspecific and gender differences according to four variables: pulse rate, median pulse duration, median high frequency, and median low frequency. These vocalizations of black‐and‐white and red ruffed lemurs and one hybrid ruffed lemur were recorded at the Duke University Primate Center (Durham, NC). Significant differences were found between subspecies but not between the sexes. Quantitative differences in this loud call of ruffed lemur subspecies indicate that these prosimians exhibit subspeciation trends similar to anthropoid primates for which comparable data exist. Preliminary data are presented that support the hypothesis that the vocalization functions as a terrestrial predator alarm c

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies of sexual dimorphism in the dental dimensions of some extant and fossil hominoids have been carried out by means of univariate statistical methods [Oxnard et al., 1985]. The study reported here extended these studies with multivariate statistical methods (canonical variates analyses). The extant genera studied wereGorilla, Pan, Pongo, andHomo.The fossil teeth interpolated were those of the recently discovered ramapithecines from Yunnan Province, China. For both extant and fossil species, the lengths and breadths of all maxillary and mandibular teeth were used except for the third molar, which was excluded because of its absence in so many human subjects. The nature of sexual dimorphism in the dentition of extant apes and humans was assessed, and the positions of the fossil teeth within the multivariate results for the extant forms was examined. Among the apes, the greatest sexual dimorphism was seen inGorilla; the least was seen inPan.Three different patterns of sexual dimorphism were apparent among the three ape species. The maxillary and mandibular patterns were different inGorillaandPanbut more similar inPongo.The African apes showed greater differences between variances for each sex and of each jaw; these features may have evolved most recently. The conventional notion that sexual dimorphism is mainly due to size and size‐related shape effects along a single continuum or axis was rejected. The interpolation of the fossil data placedSivapithecusclose to each of the more dimorphic apes, especiallyPongo, but also showed that it had higher order differences from the extant forms studied.Ramapithecuswas most similar toHomo. These results have implications both for the role of sexual dimorphism in the evolution of higher primates and for the phylogenetic relationships among the

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA gestation length of 178 days was determined forTarsius bancanusbased on a vaginal smear containing whole sperm. This value replaces the only previously reported information on gestation length in tarsiers, a rough estimate of approximately 6 months forT. syrichta.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe observation of remarkable karyotypic variation in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) stimulated us to study the chromosomal evolution of this New World genus. As an extension of this project, we examined the chromosome complement of a “phenotype‐B”Aotuspopulation from Peru. In addition to karyotype V(2n = 46), two new karyotypes with diploid numbers of 47 and 48 were identified. A G‐band comparison of these karyotypes indicated that the chromosome number polymorphism in these Peruvian owl monkeys resulted from a single fusion or fission event involving a single metacentric and two acrocentric chromosome pairs. This mechanism is also known to be responsible for the chromosome number polymorphism in at least two other populations of phenotype BAotus, one from Colombia and the other from

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY