摘要:

AbstractHershkovitz (Living New World, Volume 1. Chicago, University Press of Chicago, 1977, pp. 618–627, 634–666) identified 13 subspecies ofSaguinus fuscicollisbased on coat color variation on the head, neck, and shoulders. Other morphological differences among the subspecies are unknown. It has been suggested, however, that several of the taxa may be distinct at the specific level. In this report, we examine the level and pattern of facial morphological variation among the subspecific populations to evaluate their taxonomic status.Eleven facial measurements were recorded from the left side of 104 saddle‐back tamarin crania. Significant morphological variation among the subspecies in facial heights and depths was detected with discriminant function analysis. Analyses of morphological differences between subspecies and among individual specimens relative to geographical and evolutionary distances (based on the metachromatic theory) were performed by using quadratic assignment procedures. These analyses indicate an absence of geographically related morphological variation across the species range while phylogenetic relationships are reflected in morphological similarities among groups and individuals. This finding is consistent with the formation of subspecific populations by relatively small founding populations budding off from a larger parent population, invading a new interfluvial basin, and then remaining relatively isolated, as suggested by Hershkovitz (Living New World Monkeys, Volume 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFood patch choice was investigated in the A‐troop of wild Japanese monkeys(macaca fuscata)of Kinkazan Island, Japan. The monkeys visited aZelkova serratatree 16 times and fed on its seeds for 43.5 min on average during the 36 day study period. The proportion of fallen seeds to total fallen seeds, the feeding speed, and the number of monkeys feeding on seeds in the crown and on the ground were recorded to clarify the decision factors involved in food‐patch choice: when the monkeys visit the tree, do they feed on seeds in the crown or on the ground? The monkeys appeared to the patch quality by feeding speed; they chose a high‐quality patch and fed there. As a result, they seemed to maximize seed intake. However, some troop members (in many cases, low‐ranking ones) avoided feeding in a high‐quality but crowded patch. When the quality of the two patches was equal, the monkeys separated into two groups (in the crown and on the ground) in a ratio of 1:1 to feed. As the difference in patch quality became larger, more monkeys fed in the high‐quality patch. The frequency of agonistic interactions per individual increased on the ground as the number of monkeys feeding there increased. When the cost of agonistic interactions is considered, the net benefit (energy intake minus energy consumption from agonistic interactions) per individual in a higher‐quality but crowded patch may be equal to that in a lower‐quality but

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reactivity of a panel of 40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for HLA class I antigens was assessed in 117 unrelatedMacaca mulatta(Mm), with a standard microcytotoxicity assay, in order to compare phenotypic frequencies with those previously reported forM. fascicularis(Mfl) andM. nemestrina(Mn). Based on the reactivity with HLA typed human cell panels, the epitopes recognized by these mAb in macaques were classified as nonpolymorphic, polymorphic “public,” and polymorphic “private.” Nei's genetic identity (I) and distance (D) formulae were applied to estimate I and D between each of the macaque species and between each macaque species and humans. The HLA nonpolymorphic epitopes emerged as spcies‐specific determinants, as all three macaque species showed clear differences from each other and from humans in the frequency of occurrence in population samples. From our previous serologic study and from published sequence data, it is evident that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is highly conserved in primate evolution. Ninety percent of the mAb reacted at a similar frequency in either two or three macaque species. With few exceptions, the mAb reacted at a greater frequency in humans than in macaques. Concerning private HLA class I epitopes, we have previously speculated that the human MHC class I polymorphisms probably predate the diversification of macaque–human lineages, and hence would be highly conserved. However, the inconsistent pattern of occurrence of human monomorphic epitopes among the macaque species suggests that a complex explanation is required. One possibility is that HLA monomorphic epitopes are invariant in humans because of their yet unknown functional role; however, this explanation loses some force because of the inconsistent pattern of occurrence among three closely related species ofMacaca. However, we favor a second possibility, i.e., that the monomorphic epitopes in humans might be the result of the accumulated neutral mutations and are not subjected to functional constraints. This explanation seems to fit the inconsistent pattern of occurrence of these epitopes amo

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA substantial increase in mortality, due mainly to predation, occurred during 1987 in a population of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) studied from 1977 to 1989 in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. It has been shown that vervets moving into new and unfamiliar habitats are more at risk from predation. However, this does not entirely explain the increase in predation in 1987 because predation decreased after 1987 while movement into new areas continued. An increase in leopard alarm calls relative to previous years in four of five groups, and an association between disappearances and leopard alarm calls given by vervets in the same four groups, suggest that leopards, a main predator of vervets, accounted for the increase in mortality. The vervets' increased vulnerability to leopard predation in 1987 did not appear to be related either directly or indirectly to continued habitat deterioration because 1) mortality rates after 1987 decreased to pre‐1987 levels and 2) the vervets' behavior did not appear to change to make them more vulnerable than in previous years. The increased vulnerability appeared to be due in part to an increase in the presence of leopards. However, it is unclear why predator presence temporarily increase

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNatural exemplars of two types of chirp vocalizations were presented to eight groups of cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) in a playback paradigm. The two chirps share many acoustic features in common but are used in entirely different circumstances. The tamarins gave different vocal and behavioral responses to the playbacks of each chirp type, indicating that a discrimination was made. The results suggest that tamarins can discriminate subtle acoustic cues which have communicative significance. In the absence of the nonvocal cues and social contexts that normally co‐occur with these vocalizations the tamarins responded with the same vocal responses they would have given in normal social contexts. Significant differences in post‐stimulus behavior to the two types of stimuli appeared in the first two blocks of trials, indicating that the playback paradigm can be an efficient means of testing discrimination between different call

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere are few reports and poorly documented field studies about the reproductive biology of the owl monkey (Aotusspp.). Reproductive data were collected from a breeding colony of owl monkeys (Aotus nancymai) held at the Center for Reproduction and Conservation of Non‐Human Primates in Iquitos, Peru, for the past 10 years. Seventy nine breeding pairs have produced 180 offspring in a period of 3,619 months, representing an average of about one offspring for every 20 months that a pair was housed together. Neonatal mortality in the first week was 7.1%. Litter size was almost one (99.4%). The mean age at first birth in a group of nine females born in captivity was 40.56 ± 7.82 (S.D.) months. The mean age of a group of 12 males born in the colony when their female mates produced offspring was 42.17 ± 10.73 (S.D.) months. Gestation length did not exceed 141 days. Interbirth interval averaged 12.72 months. A birth peak was observed from October to January. BreedingAotus nancymaion a large scale in captivity is feasi

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350210111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY