摘要:

AbstractTwo measures of a behavior are defined as comparable if one is predictable from the other. The comparability of one‐zero, instantaneous, actual‐frequency, and actual‐duration sampling was investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation to extend the range of sampling intervals beyond those ordinarily found in the literature. Several combinations of bout time, rate of response, and observation interval were simulated. Comparability between one‐zero or instantaneous scores and actual frequency or actual duration was higher for higher behavior rates, decreased with longer observation intervals, and was usually higher for longer bout times. Curves of β2s from multiple regression analyses revealed a fundamental difference in the source of one‐zero and instanteous predictability. Both actual frequency and actual duration contributed substantially to one‐zero predictability, indicating high comparability between one‐zero scores and a weighted combination of actual frequency and actual duration. Once the contribution of actual duration to instantaneous scores was accounted for, actual frequency contributed virtually nothing additional. Long‐standing meanings of validity, reliability, and comparability were applied to the findings, resulting in the conclusion that all of the sampling methods are useful, depending upon the researcher's approach, resour

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree polyspecific groups of free‐ranging macaques were observed in July and August of 1980 and 1981 in the forests of the New Territories of mainland Hong Kong. Two groups were composed of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and long‐tailed or crab‐eating monkeys (M. fascicularis), and one group was composed of both the former plus Japanese macaques (M. fuscata). All three groups contained hybrids betweenM. mulattaandM. fascicularis. This combination of species within the same social group is an unusual circumstance in natural habitats, and it offers a unique opportunity for field studies in primate ecology and beh

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTen chimpanzees (Pan troglogytes), aged 18–24 months, housed without mothers as two dyads and two triads, were subjected to social separation. Two issues were addressed: the effects of peer separation in chimpanzees; and differential responses by subjects living in dyads compared with those living in triads. Chimpanzees that were alone during separation reacted with high levels of “protest” alternating with “despair” throughout the separation period. The continued presence of one cagemate, during separation from a third, was a strong mitigating factor. Even when the primary attachment was formed with the absent cagemate, the remaining chimpanzees clung to each other and the levels of protest and despair, when present, were low. Upon reunion, neither “detachment” nor heightened levels of clinging were conspicuous, but there was increased social interaction. The data on separation of chimpanzees are intermediate between those of humans and monkeys separated from mothers or peers. The increased social interactions during reunion, including looking, are comparable to the visual vigilance report

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFemale mounting behavior was studied in a troop of Japanese macaques during one breeding season. Of 79 sexually active females, mounting behavior during consortships was shown by 50 females; 13 only with males, 20 with both males and females, and 17 only with females. Several factors associated with reproductive state influenced the expression of mounting activity. Recency of parturition influenced the mounting by females regardless of the type of partner. Females that had not given birth the previous spring (four to six months prior to the period of observation) were more likely both to mount partners and to produce an infant the following spring. These findings suggest the existence of a common factor, perhaps associated with lactation, inhibitory both to expression of mounting and to female fertility. Additionally, females that mounted were more likely to do so in consortships that followed than in those that preceded conception. This last finding suggests that, in this social context, the endocrine conditions of early pregnancy facilitated mounting to a greater extent than those associated with the cyclic ovary. Separate statistical analyses examined possible influences of age, dominance rank, and kinship on the likelihoods of mounting and being mounted. None of these factors influenced female mounting. Results suggest that the expression of mounting by females was more influenced by reproductive state than by social characteristics of the partner.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA cross‐sectional sample of 121 colony‐born saddle‐back tamarins,Saguinus fuscicollis, was examined to identify the sequence and timing of dental eruption and epiphyseal union. The state of dental development of the deciduous and permanent dentitions was recorded as erupted or non‐erupted on the basis of gingival penetration. Eighteen areas of union of long bone epiphyseal and other secondary centers, the union of the primary elements of the innominate, and the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis were examined. The state of union at the areas was recorded on a three‐point scale of not united, uniting, and united. The data indicated that deciduous incisors and canines were present at birth and that all deciduous teeth were erupted by 12 weeks. The first permanent tooth, M(1), erupted between weeks 16 and 23; the permanent dentition was fully erupted by 45 weeks. Union of the long bone epiphyses began in the third month at the distal humerus and continued until the first quarter of the second year. The secondary centers at the ischial tuberosity and iliac crest were united slightly later than four and six years of age, respectively. Regression analysis of the data indicate their potential use as parameters for predicting age in fera

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData are presented on group size, composition, and reproductive rates of nine free‐ranging rhesus monkey groups inhabiting different habitats in India, based on 7,300 observation hours spread over 1975–1980. Analysis suggests that groups increased in size irrespective of the habitat occup

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWater contents of various body water compartments were estimated within nine hours of birth in 11 preterm and eight term baboon (Papio cynocephalusneonates. Estimated water contents of all body compartments (in ml) increased linearly with birthweight (r = 0.52 to 0.90, P ≦ 0.007) and with gestational age (r = 0.46–0.94, P ≤ 0.05). When body water estimates were expressed in proportion to bodyweight (in ml/kg), preterm neonates had significantly larger mean antipyrine space and intracellular water than their term peers. Mean corrected bromide space, interstitial water, plasma volume, blood volume, and red cell volume were similar in preterm and term neonates. Although there are minor differences in body water contents and distribution between baboon and human neonates, baboon data are sufficiently similar to human data to justify using the baboon fetus and neonate as a model for investigations of human develo

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHematologic values are presented for the Sykes monkey (Cercopithecus mitis albogularis). The values are, in general, similar to published findings for other primate species. Elevated hemoglobin, possibly caused by high altitude, was noted. Significant differences of several values between males and females are discussed.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe recent discovery that the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock[Harlan, 1834]) has a karyotype distinct from all other hylobatids provides a new and strong motive for revising gibbon taxonomy and establishing hoolocks in a separate, higher taxon. Revising Groves's taxonomy of 1972, we propose thathoolock, along with the fossil speciessericus, occupy a subgenus,Bunopithecus. With the newly added taxon, the genusHylobateswould thus contain four subgenera:Bunopithecus,Hylobates,Nomascus, andSymphalangus.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY