摘要:

AbstractTeeth‐baring in a large captive rhesus monkey group (Macaca mulatta) was observed over a 30‐month period. Its directional consistency among adults was significantly higher than that of aggression. The unidirectionality was so extreme that the facial display must be seen as a formal status indicator; ie, a signal of which the direction is independent of short‐term contextual variation. As such, it seems adapted for communication about the state of the relationship. Formal dominance relationships among adults could be arranged in a hierarchy which approached perfect linearity. Focal observations demonstrated that teeth‐baring was associated with withdrawal. It was uncommon among foraging monkeys, perhaps because dominant animals paid less attention to their subordinates in this context. The speed of rank acquisition by young females, in terms of received teeth‐baring, was highest among peers and lowest against the group's old matriarchs. The age at which dominance over unrelated adult females was achieved correlated negatively with the amount of affiliative contact with these females. This translates into a positive correlation between bonding and rank establishment, indicating that dominance processes may be indistinguishable from social in

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports the results of an eight‐year study of seasonal reproduction in the free‐ranging colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. There was a significant correlation between the start of the annual spring rainy season and the estimated median conception date (r = .94, p<.001) and median birth date (r = .94, p<.001). Conceptions followed the commencement of spring rains by 70 days. Significant and negative correlations were found between the number of days from the start of the rains to the first conception (r = −.93, p<0.01) and median conceptions (r = −.91, p<.01). When spring rains were delayed, the interval between the onset of rains and conceptions decreased linearly. The median birth date for the Cayo Santiago population was accurately predicted for 1984 using two methods. When results from Cayo Santiago were applied retrospectively to data from the colony of rhesus monkeys near La Parguera, Puerto Rico, it explained the three‐month difference in seasonality of reproduction between the two populations located at the same latitude (18°N). Photoperiod, as a function of latitude, appears to set the temporal limits of seasonal reproduction in rhesus macaques, while the onset of spring rains regulates reproductive activity within that range, at least in the Cayo Santiago population. The biological channel through which the effect is mediated has not been

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring a four‐year period, more than 6,800 hours of observation were collected on 58 individually recognized wild orangutans in a 35‐km2study area at the Tanjung Puting Reserve, Kalimantan Tengah (Central Indonesian Borneo). As in other areas, although small temporary associations of orangutans recurred, the basic units of populations consisted of (1) adult males, (2) adult females with one or two dependent offspring, and (3) independent immatures (adolescent males and females and subadult males) with units predominantly solitary. However, independent immatures were more gregarious and social than adults. Adolescent females in particular spent more time in groupings than did adult females. Although successfully consorting adult males might spend up to 22% of time observed in association with other orangutans, adult males were the least social of all age/sex classes once consortships were excluded. Ninety percent of their participation in social groupings consisted of sexual consortships. Adult males were totally intolerant of each other; only four encounters between adult males were observed. All involved avoidance or aggression, including one lengthy combat. Adult females were solitary but social and participated in a variety of groupings. However, with the exception of adult females briefly following consorting couples, nonreceptive adult females did not initiate or maintain social contact with orangutans other than adult females. Comparisons with results of studies from other areas indicate that, once samples used in each study are made explicit and aggregations owing to chance encounters at major food sources excluded, orangutan sociality seems relatively consistent over the entire range in which the species is found. Bornean orangutans are not as totally asocial as the first studies in the wild indicated. In fact, it would probably be better to characterize wild orangutans as semisolitary, rather than solit

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCentral American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi) appear to recognize the modified leaves that phyllostomid bats utilize for diurnal roost sites. The monkeys visually and manually search these bat tents for both bats and insects. Adult males are the most successful at capturing bats. Nonvolant juvenile bats are more vulnerable to monkey predation than are adults. Bats that escape monkey predation frequently are captured by doubletoothed kites (Harpagus bidentatus) that tend foraging troops of monkeys. Predation by squirrel monkeys, coupled with that of double‐toothed kites, may be a significant source of mortality for tent‐making b

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDominant males of nonseasonally breeding species should have more opportunity than seasonal breeders to monopolize access to estrous females and thus enhance their reproductive success. They may also use other strategies for maximizing reproductive success such as producing offspring by relatively high ranking females. To test these hypotheses, the paternity of 35 (80%) of 44Macaca fascicularisoffspring, born over a 28‐month period, was established using electrophoretically and serologically defined genetic markers. The social ranks of each of the seven potential fathers and 26 potential mothers were determined by recording outcomes of dyadio agonistic interactions. No evidence could be found to support either hypothesis. Further, in view of previously reported significant, positive correlations between male social rank and sexual activity rates in this study group, sexual activity rates do not appear to predict the number of offspring a male sires in this specie

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe acceptability and digestibility of a high‐fiber biscuit‐based diet was investigated using two adult maleColobus guerezaanimals. Although the animals were initially reluctant to accept the biscuit, it was eventually readily consumed. Apparent digestion coefficients for the diet (average composition, dry matter basis: 16% crude protein, 25% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 9.5% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 1.2% acid lignin) determined by total fecal collection were 0.871 for dry matter, 0.813 for NDF, 0.693 for ADF, and 0.208 for acid lignin. Fiber digestive capabilities inC. guerezagenerally exceeded those reported in ruminant species based on predictive equations. Use of acid lignin and Cr2O3as markers underestimated dry matter digestibility by 3.9 and 6.0%, respectiv

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350090211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY