摘要:

AbstractThis study investigated the combined effects of early temperamental characteristics and environmental enrichment on a variety of developmental measures in nursery‐reared rhesus monkey infants. Twenty‐three infants, reared in either standard laboratory cages or enriched environments, were tested during the 1st month of life for interactive, motor, and temperamental capabilities and characteristics. At 8 months of age, all subjects were assessed on a second series of tests designed to measure their problem‐solving skills, motor capabilities, and temperamental responses under challenge. Results indicated that enrichment was associated with higher scores on subsequent problem‐solving and motor tests. However, such effects were found to combine with early temperament ratings. Specifically, individuals performing best on the 8‐month tests had not only been reared in enriched environments, but also had been rated low on fearfulness during the early assessment. In addition, individuals scoring poorest had been rated as fearful initially in addition to being reared without enrichment. Results indicated that while high ratings on early laboratory assessments of fearfulness may be predictive of poorer problem‐solving performance under challenging conditions, these adverse effects may be partially attenuated by environmental

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractConsiderable recent interest has focused on the possibility that behavioral factors may influence immune competence, and hence, potentially, patterns of disease. We report here the relationship between the aggressive and affiliative behavior and the cellular immune responses of 30 adult male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) living in small (n = 5) social groups whose members were periodically redistributed over 26 months. Animals also were subjected to behavioral observation, allowing them to be categorized as either high or low in aggressiveness and affiliation. At the end of the 26 months, lymphocyte proliferation tests were performed on blood samples from all monkeys, using both concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 ug/ml. Two‐by‐two (Aggressiveness [high, low] X Affiliation [high, low]) analyses of variance performed on these data showed lymphocyte proliferation in response to both ConA and PHA to be greatest (at 1 ug/ml) among highly affiliative animals, albeit only if they were also low in aggressiveness (ConA: Affiliation x Aggression,P<0.02; PHA: Affiliation x Aggression,P<0.03). An additional finding was that natural killer cell activity (at an effector to target ratio of 100:1) was highest among highly affiliative animals, regardless of their aggressiveness (P<0.05). These results indicate that immune competence may be enhanced among monkeys which, in response to a disrupted social environment, spend large amounts of time in affiliation with other animals. Social status, a phenomenon known to influence many aspects of nonhuman primate physiology, was unassociated with nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis or natural killer cell activity in this experim

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPoor reproductive performance of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) in captivity and a relative progesterone (P) deficiency in pregnancy have been reported. Since premature births may contribute to pregnancy wastage, we attempted to measure the effectiveness of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) treatment of pregnant squirrel monkeys to prevent early deliveries. Based on clearance studies of nonpregnant animals, 25 mg of 17‐OHPC was administered at 6‐day intervals to a test group of 31 pregnant monkeys while the control group of 29 received saline. Venous blood was obtained at 6‐ to 12‐day intervals for measurement of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP), P, 17‐B estradiol (E), and androstenedione (A), and dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels by radioimmunoassays. The treated group had a significant increase in serum 17‐OHP (P<0.001), P (P<0.01), and DHEA (P<0.05) levels compared to controls. The numbers of live births, stillbirths, or neonatal deaths did not differ significantly between groups. Although 17‐OHPC administration appeared to increase P and 17‐OHP levels, this did not alter the duration of pregnancy nor delay the onset of labor. A significant fall in 17‐OHP, P, and E levels was observed

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a captive group of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), consisting of six group members and the three infants of the two breeding females, we analyzed participation of all group members in infant carrying, and suckling by the two breeding females. During the first two weeks of the infants' lives, the two breeding females carried their own infant(s) almost exclusively due primarily to the mutual avoidance by the two females. At the beginning of the third week of the infants' lives nearly all group members began to carry all infants to a relatively high degree and both breeding females suckled all infants. The results indicate that the greater energetic demands in rearing three infants simultaneously are compensated by an extended division of labor among group members.All breeding animals preferred to carry and to suckle the infants according to kinship predictions. However, observed preferences of nonbreeding group members in infant carrying seemed not to be related to different degrees of genetic relatedness.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present report documents the breeding success of a new colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) and demonstrates a correlation between environmental stress and reproductive success. Environmental conditions ranged chronologically over 40 months, through four periods: I) the initial period, when the colony was formed; II) a phase of relative environmental stability; III) a stage of “environmental stress” (when the colony was disrupted by nearby construction); and IV) a return to a stable environment. Examination of reproductive status during each period indicated that the colony exhibited severe reproductive suppression during the time of the environmental disruption. Parity and the number of live births decreased and the number of spontaneous abortions increased during this period. Reproductive success remained low during period IV. More triplets than twins were born during the period of relative environmental stabil

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY