摘要:

AbstractA pilot field study was conducted in Sulawesi (Indonesia) to assess the status of macaque populations on the island. Wild and captive animals were sampled, mainly in border areas between presumed different species. The five species investigated wereMacaca maurus, M. tonkeana, M. hecki, M. nigrescens, andM. nigra, for which morphological and gene frequency data suggested the presence of hybridization zones. Some individuals within these zones showed intermediate or mosaic morphology between parental forms. These individuals also had intermediate gene frequencies for most of the polymorphic systems investigated. Karyotypes were identical in all species, and no cytogenetic barrier to hybridization existed between species. A review of the recent literature also provided evidence for hybridization between Sulawesi macaques. Clinical frequencies in both morphological and biomolecular traits perhaps can be best explained by the operation of gene flow between the various forms of macaques on the island. However, additional data are necessary before current classification schemes are revised. The unique opportunity and need of further study of Sulawesi macaques for a range of evolutionary questions is emphasized.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350170402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe circadian activity rhythm of the common marmoset,Callithrix j. jacchuswas investigated by long‐term recording of the locomotor activity of 15 individuals (5 males, 10 females) from 1.5 to 8 years old, both under constant illumination and under LD 12:12. The mean period of the spontaneous circadian rhythm was 23.2 ± 0.3 h. Neither sex‐specific differences nor a systematic influence of light intensity on the spontaneous period were observed, but the period was dependent on the duration of the trial and on the age of the individual. Due to the short spontaneous period, in LD 12:12 there was a distinct advance of the activity phase with respect to the light time and a masking of the true onset of activity by the inhibitory direct effect of low light intensity during the dark time. After an 8 h delay shift of the LD 12:12, re‐entrainment of the circadian activity rhythm required an average of 6.8 ± 0.7 days; the average re‐entrainment time after an 8 h phase advance of the LD cycle was 8.6 ± 1.3 day. This directional effect is ascribed to characteristics of the phase‐response curve. No ultradian components were observed, either in the LD‐entrained or the free‐running circadian

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350170403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe recently reported (Michael&Zumpe:American Journal of Primatology15:157–170, 1988) evidence for the hypothesis that copulations by pairs of rhesus monkeys are linked more closely to the ovulatory phase of the female's menstrual cycle when a male has access to several females in different cycle phases rather than access to females in the same cycle phase. We have now used data from this earlier study to assess the role of female dominance. Artificial menstrual cycles were induced with hormone injections in two of four ovariectomized females in eight social groups (each consisting of one male and four females). The artificial cycles were either synchronized or offset by 7‐day increments. There were differences in the behavioral interactions of the higher‐ranking (dominant) and lower‐ranking (subordinate) hormone‐treated females in each group. The amount of male sexual activity received by dominant and subordinate females differed little, but dominant females initiated significantly more sexual activity (P<.0001) than did subordinate females. Dominant females were significantly more aggressive (P<.0001) toward other females and received more direct and redirected aggression from males. Males generally initiated and maintained more social contacts with dominant than with subordinate females, and dominant females were less active than subordinates in initiating and maintaining social interactions with males. The findings provide new evidence for both female mate competition and mate choice by males for higher‐rank

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350170404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present paper examines the anatomical relationships as well as possible developmental and functional relationships of the fatty cheek pad characteristic of the adult male orangutan. The research involves the dissection of 11 orangutans of both sexes in a variety of age categories. All specimens possess either a fat pad or a subcutaneous connective tissue fascial compartment in the lateral face extending superiorly from slightly above the inferior border of the mandible to the temporal region. In immature specimens as well as adult females, fat deposits within the connective tissue compartment are scarce or nonexistent, whereas pubescent male specimens or older possess accumulations of fibro‐fatty tissues in this region. The extensive fat accumulations of the adult male cheek flange are related to age and sex and to modifications in related facial musculature, especially mm. platysma, zygomaticus, orbicularis oculi, and orbitotemporalis and frontalis. These muscles are clearly related to the cheek pad structures in both sexes but appear to assume a supportive role in the males. The cheek pad has no direct bony attachments, but its mass may have a significant effect on facial morphology. The development of the cheek pad is temporally variable and its function remains speculative although the presence of a fully developed flange may be related to behavioral modification

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350170405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350170406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350170407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350170408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350170401

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY