摘要:

AbstractSkull length was used to evaluate the extent of sexual dimorphism in size among 21 taxa of extant Madagascan prosimians. Extraneous sources of variation were controlled by limiting male‐female comparisons to museum samples comprised of ten or more wild‐caught, adult individuals collected at the same locality (24 samples total). Sexual dimorphism in skull length averaged only 1.31%, with equal probability of males or females being larger. The only statistically significant sexual differences wereLepilemur edwardsifrom St. Marie de Marovoay in western Madagascar (P<0.05; males 4% larger then females = 2.2 mm) andMicrocebus murinusfrom Amboasary‐Sud in southern Madagascar (P<0.001; females 2% larger than males = 0.6 mm). A recent study of body weights of captive animals at Duke University Primate Center also showed thatM. murinusdisplays highly significant sexual dimorphism. These results were examined in the context of factors believed to affect sexual dimorphism in anthropoid primates. The same 24 samples were used to demonstrate that the sex ratio is approximately 1:1 among Madagascan prosimians, and this information was correlated with data from field studies. The correlations between sexual dimorphism, sex ratio, and size are low, indicating that these are independent traits in Madagascan prosi

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350240102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractZP3 (M, = 55,000) is the major electrophoretic component of the porcine zona pellucida (ZP). In a continuing assessment of ZP3 as a candidate antigen for contraceptive vaccine development, female squirrel monkeys were immunized with 200 μg ZP3 using either Freund's adjuvant (FA) or muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and the effect of such immunization on ovarian histology examined. Two experimental and three control groups were immunized: Group 1 (n = 4), ZP3 plus FA; Group 2 (n = 4),ZP3 plus MDP; and controls—Group 3 (n = 2), ZP3 alone; Group 4 (n = 4), FA alone; and Group 5 (n = 4), saline. High antibody response to ZP3 was detected in the ZP3/FA and ZP3/MDP groups, and a very low response, in the ZP3‐alone group. Immune profiles for the ZP3iFA and ZP3/MDP groups were comparable, but titers in the MDP group were consistently lower and decreased more rapidly after 300 days post‐immunization (PI) than in the FA group. At 6 months PI, all ovaries from the ZP3/FA group revealed a deficiency of zona‐encased oocytes and a reduction in secondary and tertiary follicles compared to controls. At 18–24 months PI, normal ovarian histology in one ZP3/FA injected monkey and the presence of zona‐encased oocytes in a second monkey suggested ovarian recovery. Normal ovarian histology was present in all monkeys in the ZP3/MDP group as well as in all controls. These findings indicate that while immunization with ZP3/FA does initially perturb normal ovarian histology, such adverse effects appear to be reversible. Furthermore, immunization using ZP3 with MDP has no adverse effect on the ovary, indicating the importance of proper adjuvant selection in immunocontraceptive (IC) studies. These data encourage continued investigation of the zona IC approach using well‐characterized zona immunogens with non‐Fr

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350240103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTestosterone levels of 59 male rhesus monkeys were monitored over a period of 5 years. Longitudinal comparisons revealed consistent rises in mid‐morning levels of circulating hormone in successive years from age 2.5 to 6.5 years of age, whereas cross‐sectional comparisons failed to detect significant differences among the older subjects. The first mid‐morning hormonal elevation could be detected in some males as young as 2.5 years of age, whereas other males showed no detectable rises until age 5.5 years. Males showing first rises at later ages did not show hormonal levels consistently below age peers who had shown earlier rises. Extreme month‐to‐month variability and a failure to manifest the seasonal normal curve of fully adult males was characteristic of younger males, but some of these males, nonetheless, proved capable of fertilizing females. Although hormonal and agonistic dominance measures failed to show consistent correlations, the alpha male in an age cohort significantly more often had the highest testosterone levels. These data are used to argue that adolescence is a process that takes place over several years and that classification of adolescent animals as adults, based on a single criterion like fertility, has confounded many prior studies involving cross taxa comparisons as well as developmental

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350240104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDNA fingerprinting probes are cloned sequences which simultaneously detect a large number of similar hypervariable loci in the target DNA. The resulting highly polymorphic pattern visualized on an autoradiograph allows resolution of questions concerning individual identification and parentage. M13 bacteriophage has been used as a DNA fingerprinting probe for paternity ascertainment among captive chimpanzees housed in multi‐male groups as part of the National Chimpanzee Breeding and Research Program. In 31 cases of unknown paternity where DNA samples for mother, offspring, and all potential sires were available, DNA fingerprinting with M13 resulted in the unambiguous assignment of paternity for all 31 infants. Knowledge of pedigrees among the captive‐born animals is used to address several issues important in the genetic management of captive breeding colonies, including estimation of effective population size and of the rate of decline in genetic variability, variance in male and female reproduction, and the effect of social dominance on male reproductive success. Our analysis demonstrates the beneficial effects of genetic management by comparing the managed dedicated cohort to the Bastrop colony as a wh

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350240105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study tested several hypotheses regarding the functions of urine washing (UW) in a captive group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), using observational and experimental methods. Observational data obtained over a 16 month period revealed no correlation between rates of UW and age or aggression. Rates of UW did not vary when the subjects were exposed to their mirror images or when their hands were soiled. Transferring the group to an unfamiliar environment had no effect on UW frequencies. Climatological factors most clearly influenced rate of UW: The behavior occurred more frequently in high temperatures and during sunny periods, indicating a possible role of UW in thermoregulation.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350240106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProboscis monkeys' (Nasalis larvatus) river crossing behavior was examined as a potential behavioral response to predation threat.N. larvatus' major predator at the Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia, appeared to be the false gavial (Tomistoma schlegeli), a crocodilian. An adolescent female proboscis monkey was captured and drowned by a false gavial during this study. The monkeys crossed the river at its more narrow points, with several individuals or groups crossing simultaneously. Increased vigilance prior to crossing and leaping as far across the river as possible were also observed. Proboscis monkey groups often associate at their sleeping sites at the river's edge. A potential function of these associations may be to allow groups to synchronize their movement with other groups during river crossings.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350240107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350240108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350240101

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY