ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe G‐banded karyotypes of 20 species of the tribe Papionini are remarkably similar, and the amount of phylogenetic interpretation permitted is limited. The generaMandrillusandCercocebusmay be linked by a derived chromosome 10.T. geladamay be linked to the macaques by chromosome 2. Chromosome 5, which differs inM. fascicularis, makes this species an unlikely ancestor of the Sulawesi (Celebes) macaques. An alternate hypothesis, which takes into consideration the possibility that ancestral populations may be polymorphic for these chromosome variants, suggests that different chromosome variants have become fixed in different lines. These chromosomes would therefore not reflect phylogenetic relations. In the Papionini the karyotype has not played a major role in diversification and speciatio

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ranging patterns of two male and five female spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) were studied with the use of radio telemetry in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. The average size of a spider monkey home range was 62.4 hectares; however, range size varied with sex, and, for females, with the presence of a dependent infant. The probability of encountering a radio‐collared spider monkey in a three‐hour search using radio telemetry (0.91) was much greater than using a visual search (0.20), and telemetric data resulted in a larger estimate of mean home range size than did observational data, whenallsubjects were compared. However, the difference appeared to be owing to the presence of male ranges in the telemetric, but not the observational, data. When the size of home ranges derived from radio‐tracking data for adult females was compared to size of ranges for adult females derived from observations, the results were not significantly different. Adult males had larger home ranges than adult females, thus lending support to the hypothesis that males have adapted to the dispersion of females by occupying a large home range that overlaps the ranges of several adult females. The smallest home ranges were occupied by low‐weight females with dependent infants, perhaps reflecting social and energetic cons

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn many species of cercopithecines female rank is inherited matrilineally so that maternal kin occupy adjacent ranks. A female is said to have acquired her matrilineal rank in relation to a given subordinate female when the submission she receives from that female and the aggression she directs to her are both unidirectional. Kin support appears to be important in that process (rank acquisition). Matrilineally dominant females also appear to need kin support for maintaining their rank once they have acquired it. This is inferred from observations indicating that subordinates can form kin‐based coalitions and outrank single dominant females. Therefore, if subordinates did not, or could not, form coalitions, the maintenance of rank among similar‐sized females might be independent of kin support. One test of this hypothesis would be to remove all kin support shortly after rank acquisition has taken place. We report such a test performed in a group of captiveMacaca fuscatacomposed of three families with similar age‐sex compositions. Experimental subgroups were formed by placing together peers from different families and a single kin (ally) of one subordinate peer (mother or older sister). These experiments induced a series of rank reversals whereby the subordinate peer, whose ally was present, outranked the dominant peers. Following the rank reversals, the ally of the newly dominant peer was removed and the peers left together. All five experimentally inverted rank orders of peers remained stable. The finding that experimentally subordinate individuals abstained from challenging experimentally dominant peers despite their long ontogenetic experience of reversed dominance roles suggests (1) that matrilineal rank acquisition is a punctuate (versus ontogenetically cumulative) process, (2) that the maintenance of rank among peers does not necessitate kin support if subordinates cannot form coalitions, and (3) that the “minimal risk constraint on competition” helps account for the stability of matrilineal hi

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hypothesis that allogrooming functions as a tension‐reduction mechanism was tested. Tension was measured by the frequency of displacement activities by an animal. Two adult male and 11 adult female Java (or long‐tailed) monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that were relatively unfamiliar with each other were paired 1 hour per day for five consecutive days during the periovulatory portion of the menstrual cycle. Female allogrooming was found to reduce the frequency of male displacement activities both during the course of interaction and outside it, and this decrease was proportional to the amount of allogrooming received. Female allogrooming did not, however, exert long‐lasting effects on the frequency of female displacement activities. An increase in the frequency of male displacement activities was recorded during the 10‐second interval immediately after the end of the female allogrooming bouts. Neither postinhibitory rebound nor frustration owing to the cessation of a pleasant situation, i.e., the two advanced explanatory hypotheses, accounted for this increase. The results of the present study concur with physiological findings that support the tension‐reduction hypothesis. Thesocialfunction of allogrooming appears quite important and is entirely compatible with the functional hypothesis that emphasize

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study is based on a mixed longitudinal radiographic sampling of appendicular bones in 82 captive‐born squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). All appendicular ossification centers had appeared radiographically by 17 weeks of age, and epiphyseal fusion was complete by 47‐53 months of age. No statistically significant differences were found between the sexes in comparisons carried out at birth and at 6 and 8 months of age. Valid sex comparisons could not be made at other ages owing to the small size of the sample. The sequence of appearance of the ossification centers (Spearman correlation coefficient ofSaimirivs.Callithrix= 0.68) shows greater interspecies differences than the sequence of fusion (Saimirivs.Callithrix= 0.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe R‐banded karyotypes of two Indriidae,Propithecus diademaandIndri indri, are described and compared with each other and with those of the other species of this family, previously reported,Avahi lanigerandPropithecus verreauxi. These comparisons show that 30 chromosomal rearrangements, including 21 Robertsonian translocations and eight pericentric inversions, differentiate these karyotypes. A phylogenic diagram is proposed, showing the early separation ofAvahiand the relatively late divergence of the three other species. A populational evolution has occurred between the three other species, butIndriis clearly separated from the two other species by at least five complex rearrangements, although it shares four Robertsonian translocations withP. verreauxibut notP. diadem

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnalysis of tandem‐repetitive minisatellite DNA in humans provides great discriminatory power in paternity identification and individualization of tissue samples. The molecular probes used to study these hyper‐variable loci are here applied to DNA isolated from related animals in four species of Old World monkeys. Probes 33.6 and 33.15 are shown to cross‐hybridize with variable minisatellites inMacaca fuscata, Macaca silenus, Erythrocebus patas, andColobus guereza. The DNA fingerprint patterns are consistent with germ‐line stability and mendelian inheritance. Application of DNA fingerprinting to Old World monkeys thus provides a new tool for identifying parentage and can thereby aid in colony management. The technique can also help to elucidate the role of behavioral factors in evolution. The breadth of applicability in other primates remains to be

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of social factors, including social relationship, kinship, estrous cycle stage and hierarchical rank, on choice of a food source was studied in a group of 16 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) maintained in a large, outdoor compound. The subjects chose among three feeding stations that were spatially separated and located along the periphery of the compound. One feeding station was associated with a preferred food (orange), and two stations contained a less‐preferred food (commercial chow or biscuit). A significant positive correlation was found between (a) the frequency with which one animal groomed another and the frequency with which they chose the same station during a given trial and (b) the percent of time that subjects were in close proximity and the frequency with which they chose the same station during a given trial, and this result was mediated by kinship. There was a significant difference in same‐station choice by the adult male and by a maximally tumescent female compared to the choice when that female was detumescent. Finally, there was no significant correlation between social rank and the percent of trials during which the station associated with the more highly preferred food type was chosen. This study provided quantitative data supporting postulations that factors such as social relationship, kinship, and estrous cycle stage affect the composition of groupings of chimpanzees at feeding stations, and the results are consistent with field observati

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY