ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChimpanzees used for biomedical research must be bred in captivity because of restrictions on importation. Because they are large and expensive animals, population sizes at breeding facilities are limited. This implies that inbreeding at some level is inevitable and that genetic management techniques should be employed to minimize matings between related individuals. The purpose of this paper is to consider the genetic history of the chimpanzee colony at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) and to suggest ways in which genetic variability may be affected by management schemes.A total of 339 chimpanzees resided at SFBR between January, 1980, and January, 1990. Although only one mating between related individuals has occurred so far, the average level of kinship in the colony and between potential breeders is increasing. Population structure techniques were employed to assess the mating patterns which have occurred and to explore the degree of change in the characteristics of potential mates. A “gene dropping” simulation method was used to predict expected levels of heterozygosity and strategies for maintaining variability by increasing the breeding portion of the population were evaluated using a simulation approach. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne of the prime concerns at zoos and at primate breeding facilities is to maintain genetic variability. This can be accomplished by avoiding inbreeding. It is relatively easy to assess genetic variability and the level of inbreeding by using pedigree information and genetic markers. In this study we used genetic markers controlled by 6 independent polymorphic loci (GPI,PGD,CA2,MPI,DIA1,Tf) to ascertain genetic variation in two captive and one wild population of rhesus monkeys. Two other loci ADA and NP were also examined and found to be monomorphic in the three populations. F‐statistics and contingency chi‐square analyses indicated that there was significant genetic differentiation among the populations. We also found that the mean heterozygosities were very similar in the three populations, in spite of the diverse breeding strategies. These data are important because rhesus monkeys are frequently used for biomedical research; and the genetic markers provide useful information for genetic management of captive colonies of nonhuman primates. © 1992 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNuclear DNA clones and sequence information derived from human genetic analyses were used to detect and characterize intra‐ and inter‐species DNA variation at several nuclear loci in hominoids and cercopithecoids. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found at five loci among captive rhesus monkeys. Cross‐species polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification detected an insertion within the beta‐globin gene cluster in hylobatids. The combined use of cross‐species PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis detected both species differences and intra‐species polymorphism in the homeobox cluster 2 of hominoids. These results a) demonstrate that DNA clones and nucleotide sequence information from human molecular genetics can be used to facilitate studies of the molecular genetics of nonhuman primates, and b) document specific examples of intra‐ and inter‐species molecular variability at several loci. © 1992

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSexual dimorphism is evident in many quantitative genetic traits, and there has been much speculation on the evolution of primate sexual dimorphism. Morphological characters have been the main focus of attention, while sexual dimorphism in physiological quantitative traits has been neglected. In either case, the genetic basis of primate sexual dimorphism has received little attention. This study characterizes genotype by sex (GxS) interactions in two physiological traits, serum apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations, in baboons fed two different diets, a basal diet and a high cholesterol saturated fat (HCSF) diet. A GxS interaction effect on a trait indicates a heritable component of male/female differences in that trait. Using maximum likelihood methods, eight different quantitative genetic models were evaluated. Significant GxS interactions were found for serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations on the basal diet. GxS interactions were suggested for serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations on the HCSF diet, but they were not statistically significant. These results reveal that sexual dimorphisms in serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations in baboons are heritable, with heritabilities that are influenced by diet. © 1992 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent progress in molecular and biochemical genetics has led to the identification of numerous polymorphic candidate genes likely to be important in the determination of quantitative variation in physiological processes. In this paper, we review a statistical framework (“measured genotype analysis”) for assessing the effects of candidate genes on quantitative traits in primate populations. We consider situations in which pedigree information is available and also when such knowledge is absent. We also extend the method to allow for cases in which there is missing candidate locus data. Using likelihood methods, we show how to test a variety of genetic hypotheses.As an example of this type of analysis, we analyzed serum levels of apolipoprotein AI and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, in 585 pedigreed baboons, as a function of genotypic variability at anAPOA1 PstIRFLP locus. Our analyses revealed that 7.5% of the total phenotypic variation in apo AI serum levels and 2% of variation in HDL‐C levels is attributable to this locus. Future use of such methods will help to clarify the genetic basis of normal variation in physiological traits. © 1992 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractQuantitative genetic studies in primates have generally been based on varying amounts of genealogical information. We consider the case where maternal relationships are known, but paternal relationships are only probabilistic (i.e., a limited number of males can be enumerated as equally likely sires for a given offspring). Using Henderson's [1988] average numerator relationship matrix method, we show for craniometric data from the Cayo Santiago macaque colony that heritability estimates are not greatly affected by the addition of incomplete paternal information. We then show through simulation studies that in order for there to be a substantial increase in power to detect significant heritabilities, the number of possible sires per offspring must be quite small. Given this restriction, we conclude that the current method of ignoring paternal relationships is probably adequate and that considerable effort would have to be expended in performing paternal exclusions before there would be a substantial increase in the precision of heritability estimates. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe heritability of quantitative traits, or the proportion of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic or heritable effects, plays an important role in determining the evolutionary response to natural selection. Most quantitative genetic studies are performed in the laboratory, due to difficulty in obtaining genealogical data in natural populations. Genealogies are known, however, from a unique 20‐year study of toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. Heritability in this natural population was, therefore, estimated.Twenty‐seven body measurements representing the lengths and widths of the head, trunk, extremities, and tail were collected from 270 individuals. The sample included 172 offspring‐mother pairs from 39 different matrilineal families. Heritabilities were estimated using traditional mother‐offspring regression and maximum likelihood methods which utilize all genealogical relationships in the sample.On the common assumption that environmental (including social) factors affecting morphology were randomly distributed across families, all but two of the traits (25 of 27) were significantly heritable, with an average heritability of 0.51 for the mother‐offspring analysis and 0.56 for the maximum likelihood analysis. Heritability estimates obtained from the two analyses were very similar. We conclude that the Polonnaruwa macaques exhibit a comparatively moderate to high level of heritability for body form. © 1992 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350270201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY