摘要:

AbstractRank differences in the production of vocalizations by wild, semihabituated, unprovisioned chimpanzees were investigated during a 10‐month study in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. Vocalization rates were calculated from data collected during 230 hours of focal‐animal sampling on adult females, adult males, and subadult males. Rates were calculated according to whether individuals were alone, with adult females only, or in mixed parties, and the results were compared with published data collected at the Gombe provisioning area. Adult females and low‐ranking adult and sub‐adult males were generally quiet except when they were in mixed parties, whereas high‐ranking males vocalized in all social contexts. These results were in partial contrast to data collected at Gombe, which indicated that vocal production was similar across all age and sex classes. Vocal production at Gombe did, however, resemble that from mixed parties at Kibale, suggesting that the provisioning area at Gombe was comparable to a natural socioecological context occurring at large fruiting trees. It is suggested that low‐ranking chimpanzees refrain from loud vocalizing when they are alone or with females only in order to avoid attracting feeding competition and/or potentially aggressive males. These individuals may vocalize when they are associating with high‐ranking males in order to advertise the presence of large parties and to deter other individuals from joining them. The use of loud, interparty calls by high‐ranking males, when alone or with others, is consistent with the greater sociality of adult male chimpanzees. Loud calling might be advantageous for adult males in attracting mates or allies. © 1993

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA radioimmunological method for measuring urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) excretion in the family Callitrichidae is described. The method uses a monoclonal antibody that will be available in virtually unlimited quantity. Several polyclonal antisera that have been useful for the detection of callitrichid gonadotropins are near depletion. The monoclonal antibody‐based RIA provided similar results when compared with the mouse Leydig cell bioassay for LH and a previously validated polyclonal antibody‐based RIA. When the monoclonal antibody is used for immunodetection ofSaguinus oedipusLH by non‐reducing SDS‐PAGE, a single entity is recognized that corresponds with the molecular weight range of bioactive LH and appears to be in the normal range for LH in nonhuman primates. LH and CG were detected by the monoclonal antibody‐based RIA in urine from representatives of species from all genera of callitrichids. Hormonal profiles of daily urine samples revealed the detection of the preovulatory LH surge by both RIA methods in the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus Oedipus) and pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmea) and the increase CG due to pregnancy in both species. Serial dilutions of midcycle and pregnancy urine fromSaguinus, Callithrix, Leontopithecus, andCebuellaexhibited parallelism when compared with our in‐house reference standard of rhesus monkey CG. CulturedSaguinus oedipuspituitary cells showed an increased release of LH when challenged by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) providing further support that the monoclonal antibody‐based RIA measures LH in this species. © 1993

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe present reliable field techniques for capturing, anesthetizing, and Iidentifying individual cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). A new technique is presented for radio‐tracking small bodied primates. A backpack‐style harness was designed to carry a transmitter. This system appears effective in minimizing potential injury and does not appear to interfere with the normal behavior of the animal. © 1993 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSex differences in the behavior of 2.5‐ to 4.5‐year‐old rhesus monkeys, living in two social groups approximating natural compositions, were studied over a period of 3 years. Both sexes interacted significantly more often with members of their own sex in agonistic and affiliative interactions even when total rates and durations for male and female subjects did not differ. Strong sexual segregation was also seen in proximity, nonspecific contact, and huddling partners. Males were more involved in play and sex than were females and engaged in these activities primarily with other males. Females did more grooming than males, but groomed both male and female partners. Females also appeared to interact with a wider age range of partners than did males. Although total participation in aggressive interactions did not differ between the two sexes, females used more active forms of agonistic expression than did males. These differences in the behavior of adolescent rhesus are hypothesized to lead to social bonding among adolescent males, while females remain bonded to their matri‐lines, including younger males and some fully adult males associated with matrilineal relatives. Adolescent males emigrate from their natal groups but retain sociality and bond to males and females in new groups as they become adult. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInfant marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) frequently receive food from older group members. Three possible functions of food sharing in lion tamarins were examined experimentally. The first hypothesis, that food sharing ensures that infants receive sufficient food even if it is difficult for them to acquire it themselves, was tested by varying the ease with which infants could reach a food source. When access to food was restricted, infants fed themselves less, received more food from others, and had a higher success rate in begging attempts. The second hypothesis, that food sharing helps teach infants an appropriate diet, was tested by presenting fruits that were novel to infants. Although infants fed themselves less under these conditions, adults were less likely to share novel foods than familiar foods. The final experiment compared food sharing when food was abundant with behavior when food items were presented singly. Infants fed themselves less and received more food from others when food items were rare. These results suggest that food sharing in lion tamarins helps to ensure that infants receive adequate amounts of food which is difficult to locate or acquire, but that it is not involved in teaching infants which foods they should eat. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn apparatus and a method are described, which allow simultaneous urine collection from all individual members of undisturbed marmoset families. The monkeys have been trained, after leaving their sleeping box, to enter single adjacent compartments where they are rewarded. There the monkeys micturate within minutes and the clean urine runs directly into cryotubes. These simultaneously collected urine samples open up the opportunity for investigation of the relationship between endocrine function and behavioral dynamics within entire marmoset groups. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRhesus macaques on Key Lois Island were observed drinking seawater that flowed into four holes they had excavated in the sand. Data were gathered to determine the salinity (TDS) and pH levels of the water and which animals were using the holes. Average TDS level (4,506.8 ± 1,750.8), but not pH (8.1 ± .30) level, of water from the holes differed from the surrounding seawater (TDS = 29,000, pH = 8.0). There were significant variations in TDS and pH levels of water between holes. A total of 249 drinking and 11 digging bouts were observed. Adult females drank and dug most often (46.9% of total bouts). Of the 260 total drinking and digging bouts, 76.1% (N = 198) were concentrated at one hole. This hole had the lowest average TDS level (3,714.2 ± 1,504.4) and one of the highest average pH levels (8.1 ± .29). Age/sex class differences in drinking bout frequencies may have been due to differential social status. We suggest that the holes were excavated to overcome a temporary shortage of provisioned water. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY