摘要:

AbstractThe skills that mountain gorillas use to deal with the stings, tiny hooks, and spines protecting common plant leaves in their diet were examined for variation within and between animals. Many elements of uni‐ and bimanual performance were identified, often involving delicate precision and coordination, and varying idiosyncratically, erch individual having a different set of preferred elements. Many of these elements are functionally equivalent, and all but one weaned animals showed full processing capability; the history of the one exception suggests that early experience with the task may be important. Gorillas' idiosyncrasy in manual skill elements is entirely consistent with trial‐and‐error learning at this level. By contrast, each individual uses very few techniques (structured sequences of elements) for most processing, and these techniques are the same across the population. Where animals deviate from this generalization, they largely employ the simpler technique normally used for undefended leaves. Lateralization increases from start to finish, consistent with a logical structure in which each stage has a laterality bias and each stage is sequentially dependent on the last. Variations from their commonest, techniques occur in all animals (on average, about nine variant techniques were recorded from each animal). The repertoire of techniques increases significantly with age, whereas the repertoire of elements does not. This points to an initial reliance on a single logical structuring that is well established by weaning (about 3.5 years), with subsequent development of the ability to vary the technique used so as to take advantage of variations in the environment. Standardization of logical organization, despite variability between different animals in individual elements and behavioral laterality, suggests that the logical ordering of elements and the interrelationships of processing stages is copied by program‐level imitation. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe contrast the range use patterns of male and female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) based on repeated sightings over three years of 19 individuals in the Kanyawara community of Kibale Forest Reserve, Uganda. Depending on how home range size was calculated, male chimpanzees used an area that was 1.5 to 2 times greater than that of females. There was no difference between the sexes in whether their home ranges were used in a clumped or uniform fashion. However, males were more likely to be seen in boundary areas than females. These results are discussed in light of previously proposed models of chimpanzee social organization. It is concluded that the scenario in which females have smaller core areas within the defended home range of the males is most strongly supported by the range use patterns observed in Kibale chimpanzees. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPast studies of female primate reproduction have focused on regularly cycling females, and thus the reproductive characteristics of females in other reproductive states (e.g., pregnant, or lactating) have rarely been investigated. In this study, data were collected on estrous swellings and sexual and proceptive behavior in six female lion‐tailed macaques during recovery from lactational amenorrhea for the first three to five postpregnancy cycles. For these females, the length of the first lactational recovery swelling cycle averaged 81 days, nearly three times the length of cycles exhibited by nonparturient, isosexually housed females Actual swelling durations were also nearly three times the length of those seen in nonlactating females, and occupied a larger proportion of the cycle For most females, cycle duration and sexual and proceptive behavior declined progressively over successive cycles. The alpha female in each group accounted for the majority of copulations in the first three cycles, and this effect was pronounced in the first cycle. Extended postpregnancy cycles in this species may be related to female reproductive competition and /or a tactic to attract extra‐group males. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study provides baseline data on reproductive endocrine parameters of the male chimpanzee. A colony group of 47 male chimpanzees were classified by age as juvenile, ages 4–6 years (n = 7); adolescent, ages 7–9 (n = 9); and adult, ages 10–33 years (n = 31). Blood samples (n = 112) obtained from these animals [juveniles (n = ll), adolescents (n = 25), and adults (n = 76)] were analyzed for testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There was a significant increase (mean ± SE) in T (ng/ml) between the juvenile (0.2 ± 0.1) and adolescent group (2.4 ± 0.3) and between the adolescent (2.4 ± 0.3) and the 10–14‒year‐old adult age group (4.2 ± 0.2). T peaked at 15–24 years of age and then declined. There was a significant difference in T between animals aged 20–24 years (5.3 ± 0.4) and 25–29 years (3.0 ± 0.4). There was no significant change in serum LH (mlU/ml) with age. Serum FSH (mlU/ml) increased significantly between 4–6 years of age (90.0 ± 11.6) and 10–14 years of age (120.5 ± 8.3), plateaued between 10 and 19 years of age and was significantly lower in males older than 20 years (92.6 ± 4.2).Blood samples (n = 5) obtained from an experimental group of six adult male chimpanzees, ages 10 to 15 years, were analyzed for T, LH, and FSH, Pituitary response to challenge with exogenous GnRH and to hypotha‐lamic stimulation with NMA also was assessed. T, LH, and FSH in the experimental group did not differ significantly from animals of equivalent age in the colony group. Challenge with 50, 100, 200, and 500μg GnRH stimulated LH release. The response was not directly dose related. Challenge with 3 and 6 mg/kg NMA stimulated LH release. The response was do

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that the exogenous administration of estradiol‐17β (E2) to rhesus monkeys induces atresia of the dominant preovulatory follicle (DF); and that this effect is mediated centrally, via the inhibition of follicle‐stimulating hormone, and is also exerted directly at the level of the ovarian granulosa cell. We wished to investigate whether the local effect of E2is transduced through interaction with the nuclear receptor for estrogen, particularly in light of certain evidence that suggests a general lack of estrogen receptor (E‐R) in the rhesus monkey ovary, except in the germinal epithelium. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of E‐R by both autoradiographic and immunocytochemical techniques. Frozen sections of ovaries from rhesus females were incubated in experiment 1 with either3H‐E2or125I‐E2, in the presence or absence of excess, non‐radioactive ligand or analogues diethylstilbestrol (DES) or the receptor antagonist 4‐OH‐tamoxifen (TAM).3H‐E2binding was most intense over functional corpora lutea, and was reduced to background with excess DES; label was also evident over antral follicles, Image analysis showed specific binding of125I‐E2by ovaries. In experiment 2, cryostat sections were processed for immunocytochemical staining using the per‐oxidase‐anti‐peroxidase (PAP) method and the H222 monoclonal antibody to the E‐R. Intense, specific label was observed over nuclei of germinal epithelium, but, additionally, for the first time, to granulosa cells of antral follicles and other compartments of the ovary. In this paper, we report the first evidence for estrogen binding to rhesus monkey ovary; tins binding is specific, apparently receptor mediated, and corroborated independently by autoradiographic and immunocytochemical means. We herein provide substantial support for estrogen's dramatic effects being exerted directly at the level of the monkey

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring an intergroup conflict an adult male white‐handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) from one group was attacked and wounded by the adult male of a neighboring group. The wounded male's calling behavior, general activity level, feeding, and participation in territorial defense declined dramatically in the days following the injury as he instead spent long periods resting and tending the wound. The normal and healthy appearance of this male prior to injury, the circumstances of the fight that caused the injury, the resultant deterioration in normal maintenance and social behavior, and finally the apparent infection of the wound by insect larvae all suggested that his disappearance 24 days later was the result of death due directly or indirectly to the wound he had suffered. The observations reported here suggest that the ritualization of territorial aggression in this species has not eliminated risks of serious injury and death. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310401

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY