摘要:

AbstractThe increasing use of non‐human primates to study fetal development and neonatal management has necessitated the availability of fetuses of known gestational history. In this study, prenatal development and growth were investigated in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) using ultrasound. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the accuracy of ultrasound for monitoring prenatal growth and development in common marmosets, (2) to determine if litter size influences prenatal growth trajectories, and (3) to assess growth discordancy among litter mates. Fifty pregnancies were monitored longitudinally using real‐time abdominal sonography. During each examination the number of fetuses was recorded, and crown‐rump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) were measured. The results indicate that ultrasound is a reliable method for observation of gross morphological changes during prenatal development in this species. Measures of CRL and BPD taken early in gestation using ultrasound were in agreement with those from gross specimens. Triplets were significantly (P<0.05) smaller than twins for both BPD and CRL. No significant relationship was found between litter size and within litter variation in CRL or BPD. This study is the first longitudinal investigation of prenatal growth and development inC. jacchus. The observations from this study will be of use for determining approximate gestational age of fetuses, as well as providing guidelines for routine monitoring of pregnancy in this species. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350360402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we describe the timing and correlates of molt for a native population of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). We conducted 820 examinations of 267 adult tamarins over a 7.75 year period to determine the annual molting cycle in this population. Dorsal molt was an annual event for most individuals in the study population; however, 10% of sampled individuals apparently molted twice in a 12 month period. Duration of molt was estimated at 5–6 weeks. The proportion of samples in which tamarins were in molt was significantly greater during the wet season than the dry season and positively correlated with mean monthly precipitation and minimum temperature but not tamarin births, suggesting an environmental component to timing of molt. We found no sex differences in the occurrence of molt during wet or dry seasons. However, the relative frequency of samples in molt was significantly less for gravid females than for nongravid females. In four polygynous groups, socially dominant females gave birth before subordinate females, and younger reproductive females completed molt before older reproductive females. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350360403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports field and laboratory tests of serial sampling, solid phase extraction, and microradioimmunoassay methods for the collection, preservation, and analysis of fecal steroids. The field study was conducted in a troop of 87 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Tana River Primate Reserve, Kenya. Serial samples of four focal females and opportunistic sampling of 18 additional females over 22 days of sampling yielded a total of 62 samples, X = 3.1 ± 0.4/day, demonstrating the feasibility of regular field collection and extraction. Estradiol and progesterone concentrations in the field‐extracted samples exhibited high recovery and statistically significant correlations (P<0.05) with concentrations in the lab‐extracted samples, suggesting that solid phase extraction could provide a useful alternative to freezing in sites where electricity or liquid nitrogen is not available. Tests of microradioimmunoassays demonstrated that these assays were sensitive, accurate, and precise when applied to the assay of fecal extracts, providing estimates of ovarian steroids that varied significantly with reproductive state. The demonstration that testosterone could be accurately and reliably assayed in fecal extracts suggests that these techniques also could be applied to the study of male reproductive function. Parallels between fecal profiles of cycling and pregnant baboons with patterns reported for serum steroids in baboons suggest that fecal steroids might be useful in distinguishing amenorrhea from early pregnancy in free‐ranging baboons as well as in species lacking external indices of reproductive state. © 1995 Wiley‐

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350360404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDestabilizing alliances and ensuing rank changes occur infrequently in matrilineal dominance systems, and consequently very little is known about their dynamics. In one such type of alliance, called bridging, dominant individuals are ultimately responsible for subordinate monkeys out‐ranking intermediate‐ranking animals. Previously reported bridging alliances were based on sexual attraction, kinship ties, or special affinitive bonds between partners. In this paper we describe bridging alliances involving the alpha male in a group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The comparison of rank relations in the presence and absence of the alpha male indicates that the latter was responsible for the destabilization of more than half of rank relations between members of the first and second matrilines. Another experiment revealed that the alpha male also induced extensive intermatriline reversals in priority of access to concentrated and highly prized food. These effects could be attributed to the male's consistent pattern of agonistic interventions in favor of the second matriline. However, the alpha male was not engaged in preferential affinitive relationships or reciprocally supportive interactions with the members of the second matriline. On the other hand, various lines of evidence indicate that the alpha male competed for dominance with the matriarch of the first matriline, suggesting that he might have consistently joined other individuals against that female and her kin in this context. The present data constitute further evidence for the nonaltruistic nature of aggressive interventions and the effectiveness of bridging alliances. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350360405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSolid phase extraction, high performance liquid chromatography, and radioimmunoassay were used to test the validity of fecal steroid analysis for assessing ovarian function in sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). Daily fecal samples were collected over a 4 month period from two cycling female sifaka, and single samples were collected from females during normal gestation and males while housed at the Duke University Primate Center. Tests of radioimmunoassay validity indicated that solid phase extraction and microradioimmunoassay techniques were reliable and accurate methods for quantifying ovarian steroids in sifaka feces. The progesterone (P4) antibody specifically quantitated only P4, while several estrogen metabolites made small contributions to immunoreactive measures of estradiol (E2). A 1:10 dilution reduced these contributions to 3–15% of the estimated E2concentration. Although the spectral data suggested that E2was not the major metabolite present, it accounted for the majority of the immunoreactivity at normal assay dilutions. Fecal profiles of immunoreactive E2and P4in the conceptive female resembled serum profiles of other strepsirhines. E2and P4were elevated at the end of the conceptive cycle and were more markedly increased in late pregnancy in the two pregnant females. Mating behavior and indices of sexual interest were observed in conjunction with E2peaks, although not all peaks were accompanied by observations of sexual behavior. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350360406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSleeping habits of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were studied during 19 months in French Guiana. High forest, covering 89% of the 355 ha home range of the studied group, was the only vegetal formation used for sleeping. The sleeping‐focused area of 94 ha, located in the center of the home range, was more frequently used for daily activities. Twenty‐six percent of the individuals spent the night in patawa palms, which account for only 0.62% of the plants of diameter at breast height ≥ 16.1 in the 43 1 ha quadrats used for sleeping. Three major factors seem to affect the preference of patawas as sleeping trees: security, comfort, and social contact. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350360407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350360401

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY