摘要:

AbstractWild male olive baboons (Papio anubis) used females and infants as agonistic buffers. Male residency status determined whether a male used females or whether they were used against him. The success of the strategy depended on the cooperation of the female and the context of the interaction. Female cooperation correlated with preexisting social affiliation with the male user. Male choice of female or infant buffers represented a compromise between the potential effectiveness of each in different situations and the social and spatial availability of females and infants. Nonreproductive social relationships may provide long‐term strategic benefits to the individuals who invest in the

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlarm and estrous calls emitted by Japanese macaques were recorded and analyzed in the Arashiyama West and East groups. Their responses to natural calls as well as to synthesized versions varying in the acoustic parameters that defined the vocalizations were studied. The response patterns shown by Arashiyama West group members, which were subject to a distinct change with only a slight difference of a single parameter, appeared to reflect strict underlying perceptual boundaries. This was analogous to the categorical perception that humans show with speech sounds. In contrast, continuous perception was exhibited by Arashiyama East group individuals. When several sounds were played back in combination to the former group, following stimuli were recognized by quite different cues from those by which the first sound was perceived. The groups' differences in vocal perception are discussed in terms of the ecological differences of the environments they inhabit.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of social dominance on male mating behavior and paternity in a troop of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were examined. A wild‐caught troop of monkeys, captured in India in 1972, has been monitored in captivity for eight years. Some animals have been culled from this troop, but no new animals have been added except through births. The social structure of the troop has remained fairly stable over the eight years, although the number of adult males at any given time has ranged from four to ten. We blood typed 77 offspring born between 1973 and 1980 that survived to two months of age and determined paternity for 48 of them. During the eight‐year period, the dominant male sired only 13% to 32% of the offspring, even though he participated in 67% of the observed copulations. In contrast, the second ranking male sired 30% to 48% of the offspring, but participated in only 14% of the observed matings. The frequency and duration of copulation in any one year appeared to reflect a male's rank in the dominance hierarchy. However, in all but one year of our study, the largest number of offspring were sired, not by the dominant male, but by young males who were second or third in rank. Nevertheless, the dominant male may have a selective advantage because he sires a large number of offspring early in life, and continues to produce offspring over many years. This study demonstrates that observed copulations are imprecise indicators of paternity, and that paternity in any one breeding season is a poor indicator of the genetic structure of a populat

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBehavioral observations of free‐ranging female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) suggest that priority of access to food enhances individual fitness. Seventeen adult females living in two social groups were observed for 26 months in the Samburu/Isiolo Game Reserves, northern Kenya. Priority of access to feeding and sitting sites was associated with significant differences in diet and reproduction. Food species distribution altered rank‐related differences in diet. Rank‐related differences in diet occurred when food items were clumped in distribution, but not when they were randomly distributed. The relation of individual food items to reproduction influenced rank‐related differences in reproduction. Rank was significantly correlated with birth rate when a preferred food species was clumped in distr

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study was undertaken to assess the nature of somatomedin‐C (SM‐C) in baboon (Papio cynocephalus) blood and to compare various methods for estimating SM‐C concentrations. Parallel dose‐response curves were obtained with normal baboon serum, normal human serum, and purified SM‐C. Recovery of purified SM‐C added to baboon serum over a wide dosage range (n = 17) was 111 ± 12%, with slightly better recovery at higher potencies. Chromatography of normal baboon serum on Sephadex G‐200 at neutral pH produced a profile similar to that observed in the human, as did samples chromatographed on Sephadex G‐50 in acid. Although the SM‐C content in acid chromatographed plasma was approximately 2.5 times higher than in native unprocessed plasma, there was excellent correlation between the values (r = 0.9143, p<0.0001). The SM‐C in baboon plasma which had been preincubated with glycine HCl was approximately twice that of unprocessed plasma, but the correlation between the two methods was excellent (r = 0.9593, p<0.0001). The correlation between values obtained after simple acid‐ethanol extraction and those observed in unextracted plasma were also significant (r = 0.7689, p<0.0001). Following a series of four injections of human growth hormone (hGH) to a normal baboon, plasma SM‐C rose approximately sevenfold above the initial concentration and returned to basal levels five days after the final injection. These studies show that although the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for SM‐C in unprocessed baboon plasma does not measure all of the SM‐C present, it provides a reliable index of the total SM‐C concentration and re

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in northeastern Gabon use tools made of vegetation to obtain termites (Macrotermes? nobilis) for food. They mostly use probes in termite fishing, as recorded elsewhere in eastern and far western Africa. This is the first record of termite fishing by the central west African race of chimpanzees. There are signs that they also use stouter tools, perhaps to perforate the mounds of the termites. These new findings further complicate the status of material culture in this species of ape in nature.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY