摘要:

AbstractParental behavior and infant development of black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) were studied on Nosy Mangabe Island in northeast Madagascar. Ruffed lemur females produced twins, prepared nests for neonates in the trees, transported infants by mouth, and parked them in the trees. During two consecutive birth seasons, the average birth rate for nine females was 0.58. Two females reproduced in one social group. Lactating females spent most of their time resting with their infants or foraging for food. Infants developed rapidly and were fully mobile by 3–4 months. No female reproduced successfully in 2 consecutive years. In 1988, infant mortality within 3 months of birth was very high (64%). Accidental falls may have been one major cause. Adults of both sexes, including a reproductive female, exhibited alloparental behavior such as guarding infants and nonmaternal nursing. Alloparental care may increase the likelihood of infant survival. Some of these observations are not compatible with the idea that ruffed lemurs live in small pair‐bonded groups, as other researchers have sugges

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe mating behavior of female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) has been called “promiscuous” because females mate with multiple males in rapid succession. The data presented here, based on a 9 month study of a semifree‐ranging colony, supports the idea that females do indeed mate indiscriminately and at a high rate. Five hundred six copulations were recorded for 21 females during the breeding season, and 358 of these copulations occurred when females were in extended estrous cycles. As the days that females spent in estrus increased, either because they had longer cycles or more cycles than some other females, the number of different male partners also increased. There was no association between mating behavior and either male–female friendships or male care of infants born the following birth season. Promiscuity cannot be explained by selection to confuse paternity. There is also no evidence that females exchange copulations for support or affiliation. Female Barbary macaques mate with multiple males because males are unable, or are unwilling, to st

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCaptive social groups of cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) were presented with inanimate and animate stimuli to determine (1) if the tamarins recognize a snake as a dangerous stimulus and (2) whether the tamarins' response was specific to snakes. Fourteen pairs of tamarins were presented with a live boa constrictor, artificial flowers, and an empty box. Animals visually fixated for a longer period of time and emitted a greater frequency of mild alarm, strong alarm, and mobbing vocalizations during the presentations of the snake than during the presentations of either the flowers or the empty box. However, 97% of the alarm and mobbing vocalizations were emitted from only nine of the 28 individuals. In addition, there was no significant increase in locomotory activity and no significant change in avoidance behavior, as would be expected from reports on wild tamarins responding to snakes. Nine of the 14 pairs of tamarins were presented with a laboratory rat, leaves, and an empty box. The laboratory rat was used to test the animals' response to a moving, non‐food, non‐predatory stimulus. Animals visually fixated for a longer period of time and emitted a greater frequency of strong alarm and mobbing vocalizations during the presentations of the rat than during the presentations of either the leaves or the empty box. Of the 18 tamarins, seven individuals emitted 91% of the alarm and mobbing vocalizations. There was no significant difference between the number of mild alarm, strong alarm, and mobbing vocalizations emitted during the presentations of the snake and during the presentations of the rat. Results of this study suggest that captive cotton‐top tamarins do not demonstrate an alarm response specific to snakes but may simply display fear to moving objects. In addition, the tamarins did not respond to the snake with the degree of behavioral or vocal intensity, as has been reported in wild t

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInstead of close and differentiated relationships among adult females, the accepted norm for savanna baboons, groups of Drakensberg mountain baboons (Papio ursinus) showed strong affiliation of females towards a single male. The same male was usually the decision‐making animal in controlling group movements. Lactating or pregnant females focused their grooming on this “leader” male, producing a radially patterned sociogram, as in the desert baboon (P. hamadryas); the leader male supported young animals in the group against aggression and protected them against external threats. Unlike typical savanna baboons, these mountain baboons rarely displayed approach‐retreat or triadic interactions, and entirely lacked coalitions among adult females. Both groups studied were reproductively one‐male; male‐female relationships in one were like those in a unit of ahamadryasmale at his peak, while the other group resembled the unit of an oldhamadryasmale, who still leads the group, with a male follower starting to build up a new unit and already monopolizing mating. In their mountain environment, where the low population density suggests conditions as harsh for baboons as in deserts, adults in these groups kept unusually large distances apart during ranging; kin tended to range apart, and spacing of adults was greatest at the end of the dry, winter season. These facts support the hypothesis that sparse food is responsible for convergence with hamadryas social organization. It is suggested that all baboons, though matrilocal, are better categorized as “cross‐sex‐bonded” t

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350200401

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY