摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this field study has been to assess major changes in rhesus monkey populations of north central India over a period of 28 yrs from 1959 to 1986. Population censuses have been done in Aligarh District three times per year, and extensive regional surveys were done in 1959–1960, 1964–1965, 1977–1978, and 1985–1986. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, rhesus populations in India declined more than 90%, from an estimated 2 million animals in 1960 to approximately 180,000 by 1980. These declines were attributed to increasing agricultural pressures in India, loss of primate habitats, less protection for monkeys, and high levels of trapping. In the 1970s, as India's agricultural production rose and stronger wildlife conservation programs developed, local populations of rhesus began to increase. These increases became more prominent after 1978, when India imposed a ban on export of monkeys. By 1985 a population in Aligarh District had returned to its 1960 level in total population size, although the number of groups remained low. Other local populations showed even more striking growth and greatly exceeded former levels. Some areas of India, however, have shown no improvement in rhesus populations. Overall, extensive field surveys of rural habitats in 1985–1986 showed a 53% recovery in the number of rhesus groups, and a 129% recovery in total rhesus from their low points in 1977–1978. We estimate the rhesus population of India in 1985 in the vicinity of 410,000–460,00

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model was used to examine ecological and sociodemographic correlates of mortality among 164 immature yellow baboons born over an 8‐year period at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Ecological correlates were derived from seasonal rainfall. Mortality was lowest for immatures born during the late rainy season, when it was likely that nourishment for pregnant and lactating females was greatest. High mortality was associated with above‐average rainfall early in the immature's first complete rainy season. This association may result from one or more of the following: exposure, increased ranging, or accelerated vegetation growth, each of which is thought to increase hazards for weanlings. When births for the 8 years of the study were pooled, a birth peak occurred during the early dry season. The larger number of births during a birth peak should intensify competition among mothers and among immatures. Mortality was greatest for immature females born during the season immediately following the birth peak, while lowest for immature females born during the season immediately preceding the peak. Immature female mortality was greatest when the troop size at birth was large, and was most severe for females born to low ranking mothers. The sociodemographic results are consistent with Wasser's hypothesis that cooperative attacks of female baboons upon other troop females suppress the others' reproduction and the vitality of their infants, thereby improving the relative competitive position of the attackers' own yo

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe composition of the diet of a savanna‐living population of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Assirik in Senegal is presented. The study site had a prolonged dry season, high temperatures, and vegetation dominated by grasses. Data came from direct observation, fecal specimens, and feeding traces; thus, strict criteria for acceptance of the indirect data were specified. Composition of diet was given in terms of species and family of prey, parts eaten, life‐form, type of habitat, and criteria for inclusion. Forty‐three species of plants with 60 parts were eaten; mostly fruits, from trees, in woodland. Nine species of animal prey were eaten, mostly social insects. An additional 41 species of plants with 53 parts were classed as likely to be eaten by chimpanzees, mostly on the grounds of their being eaten by sympatric anthropoids. Overall, the diet of the apes at Mt. Assirik resembles that of this species elsewhere in Africa, but the size of the dietary repertoire seems small and the proportion of low‐quality foodstuffs high. The latter are mostly time‐consuming to collect or tedious to obtain or process, and include underground stora

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractField observations of two sympatric pitheciine species reveal that the positional repertoire of the white‐faced saki,Pithecia pithecia, is dominated by leaping behaviors, whereas the bearded saki,Chiropotes satanas, is predominantly quadrupedal. Examination and comparison of the postcranial skeletal morphologies and limb proportions of these species display numerous features associated with their respective locomotor behaviors. These observations accord with associations found in other primate and mammalian groups and with predictions based on theoretical and experimental biomechanics. Preliminary observations of the skeletal morphology ofCacajao calvusdemonstrate a marked similarity to that ofChiropotes.The fossil platyrrhineCebupithecia sarmientoidisplays greater similarity toPithecia, suggesting that its positional repertoire also included significant leaping and clinging behavior

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSix free‐ranging groups ofMacaca thibetanawere studied at Mt. Emei, in southwest China. Patterns of growth and development observed during the study are described for this species for the first time. Data were collected mainly during the birth season of 1986. Food handouts made possible the measurement of body weight and sitting height. Changes in fur color and growth of forehead hair were noted. Dark hair appeared on the broad white forehead of infants at the end of the third month. A triangular patch formed about 30 days later, and full cover developed within 4.5 to 5 months. For the first 1 or 2 weeks, the fur was blackish; it then became yellow, and by the age of 3.5–4.5 months, it was brown or blackish, i.e., adult color. Growth data on body weight and sitting height for different age‐sex classes were collected. For adult males, body weight was 18 kg, sitting height (SH) 55 cm, and ponderal index 33. For adult female, body weight was 13 kg, sitting height 47 cm, and ponderal index 27. Females were considered to be adult at age 5

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBirth censuses were conducted every 2 or 3 days for each of six groups ofMacaca thibetanaalong trails at Mt. Emei in southwest China from March 7 to June 15, 1986. Based on direct observations and the timetable of forehead hair growth and behavior, each of 32 infants could be placed in one of sixteen 14‐day periods of the 1986 birth season. Themeanestimated birth date was March 27 (SD = 39 days); themedianestimated birth date was March 14. Sex ratios in newborns and yearlings did not deviate significantly from 1:1. Seasonal birth timing was correlated with the altitude of the range (r = −0.84,P<.05); that is, infants were born earlier in the season at higher altitu

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData on group composition at the end of the 1986 birth season were collected from six groups ofMacaca thibetana. All adult males, the members of group A, and some conspicuous animals were recognized individually. Fourhundred survey sessions were completed. The mean group size was 38.3 (SD = 13.8, range: 28–65); the number of adult females was the best correlate of total group size. The mean adult sex ratio (F:M) across groups was 3:1 (SD = 1.9, range: 1.5–6.5:1), which significantly deviated from 1:1. Sex ratios (F:M) in newborns, juveniles, and all members did not significantly deviate from 1. The ratio of immature animals to adults was 1.5 to 1 (average of groups); that is, 60% of the population was composed of immature animals, and the population was grow

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWinter ranging patterns ofRhinopithecus bietiwere determined using feces as the ranging trace. The appearance of the feces was unique in the study habitat. The sampled habitats were a well‐forested area and a partly altered one. Analyses of excrement distribution showed: (1) monkeys tended to use the upper part of the forest belt, ranging between 3,900 and 4,100 m above sea level; (2) monkeys came to the ground and used the partly altered habitat, where only some forest remained; (3) the structure of resources had little influence on determining the ranging elevation; and (4) the animals spent more time in the local valley than on the local ridge, probably using the former as a sleeping sit

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350160301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY