摘要:

AbstractThe reproductive patterns (birth seasonality, litter size, litters per year) of two sympatric species of galago (Galago zanzibaricusandG. garnettii) were studied in a coastal forest in Kenya for a two‐year period. Trap‐retrap and radio tracking methods were employed.G. zanzibaricushas one infant twice per year;G. garnettiihas one infant once per year. Both species are seasonal breeders. These East African galagos are intermediate in reproductive patterns when compared with galagos from South African woodland (G. senegalensis moholiandG. crassicaudatus umbrosis) and West African rainforest (G. alleniandG. demidovii). Climatic patterns (total annual rainfall, seasonal variability of rainfall, variability in total annual rainfall, and annual temperature variability) are also compared for the three regions. Climatically, East Africa is intermediate between West and South Africa in total annual rainfall and in seasonality of rainfall, but not in year‐to‐year variability in rainfall. East Africa shows the highest variability in annual rainfall. South Africa has the coldest dry seasons and highest variability in temperatures. The results of this study suggest that “r‐selection” and “K‐selection” do not provide adequate explanations of galago re

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe accepted model of breeding seasonality in rhesus monkeys states that females become reproductively active in response to an environmental cue and that males become sexually active in response to ovulating females. This model must be modified to include direct responses of the male to the physical environment, endocrine responses of males to sexual activity, and responses of the female to the sexual activation of fellow group members. The complex set of social stimuli that influences the breeding readiness of both sexes may serve to delimit more precisely the annual periods of conception and birth than would be the case if each individual responded only to the changing physical environment.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA malformed male Japanese monkey completely lacking both hands was observed in a free‐ranging situation to four years of age. He developed a locomotor pattern appropriate to his deformity, namely, bipedal walking on hind legs. He maintained a stronger bond with his mother than did normal same‐aged male monkeys and retained the same high dominance ranking order as his mother. He did not show peripheralization as did normal juvenile monkeys. No social disadvantages based on his physical deficiencies were observed at least until the end of his fourth year of l

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOnly a few nonhuman species (chimpanzees and orangutans) have displayed mirror‐image recognition of themselves by grooming at a spot that can only be seen with the mirror. Pygmy marmosets have never been observed to self‐groom, but they do behave toward mirrors in a manner suggestive of the early stages of mirror‐image recognition. They displayed a rapid extinction of social threat responses to their own image and of novelty responses to mirrors, but continued to show mirror‐specific responses such as following their own image, playing peek‐a‐boo, and looking at their image throughout a 28‐day period of mirror exposure. The pygmy marmosets used a mirror to locate otherwise unseen conspecifics from other groups and directed threat responses toward the real location of these animals rather than to their mirror‐image. Pygmy marmosets displayed the precursor behaviors to mirror‐

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeven captive‐born lemurs (Lemur fulvus) at the Duke University Primate Center were presented with leaves of different maturity from five species of North Carolina trees. The animals demonstrated three distinct behaviors toward the novel plant material. They sniffed, tasted, and/or ingested it. New leaves were sniffed, but little tasting and ingestion was observed. Intermediate pine needles were sniffed and ingested but little tasted. Mature leaves were sniffed equally, but the mature leaves of tulip trees and honeysuckle were tasted significantly more than pine, sweetgum, and red maple. Pine, sweetgum, and red maple were ingested significantly more than tulip trees and honeysuckle. Male lemurs ate significantly more mature pine needles and new sweetgum leaves than did the females. Chemical analysis of these plant materials indicated that the new and mature leaves of tulip tree and honeysuckle contained alkaloids. Captive‐born lemurs apparently use their sense of smell and taste in choosing what to eat and seem just as capable as free‐ranging animals in finding food when faced with the chemical defenses that protect trees from insect pred

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHematologic reference values have been established for captive adult cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) by carrying out full blood counts and fibrinogen estimation on 43 clinically normal animals. Females were shown to have significantly lower hemoglobin levels, red cell counts and packed cell volumes, and higher reticulocyte counts than males. The reference values were used to identify abnormal changes in the blood of 13 clinical cases. Marked neutrophilia was found in animals with localized bacterial infections, and a degenerative left shift was recorded in an individual with streptococcal septicemia. Three cases of unexplained progressive muscle wasting showed Heinz body anemia and abnormal white cell changes. These hematologic responses have been compared where possible with those recorded in other species of Callithricida

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEvents surrounding an infant‐killing following a male takeover are described for a group of free‐ranging howling monkeys in Costa Rica, and additional evidence is presented for infant disappearances following three previous male takeovers. Infant‐killing is best interpreted in this context as a male reproductive strategy, as infant‐killing did effectively shorten the interbirth interval, and only infants of high‐ranking females died or disappeared following a male takeover. Due to the exclusive access of the dominant male to high‐ranking estrous females, an incoming male who had lived as a peripheral male before taking over the group would run little risk of eliminating his own offspring in the course of killing the offspring of high‐ra

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe duetting behavior of siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) has previously been observed as representing a complex, interactively organized, and standardized set of vocal features. Anti‐resonance in the bitonal screams of 15 males was observed. The sound energy of the fundamental frequency of the first note of these screams are absorbed, the result being a fundamental frequency which was virtually filtered out. The implications and consequences of such a rare phenomenon as anti‐resonance in the vocal behavior in gibbons is discus

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a group of Japanese macaques, a multiparous high‐ranking female gave birth to an infant and, two days later, adopted a neonate abandoned right after birth by a primiparous low‐ranking female. Both infants were reared successfully. Whereas the “selfish” explanation does not accord with the evidence from the present case, the “altruistic” explanation cannot be discarded definitively. However, the context and the consequences of the adoption suggest reproductive error on the part of the adoptive mother as the most likely

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmong a group of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), plasma insulin concentrations were greater following either intravenous (IV) glucose infusion or oral feeding at 0800 compared with IV glucose or oral feeding at 1700. Glucose clearance rates after IV infusion were similar at the two test times. Insulin/glucose ratios were greater following either IV glucose infusion or oral feeding at 0800 compared with 1700. These circadian variations in plasma insulin response are similar to reports of human studies and suggest this nonhuman primate species may be an appropriate animal model for chronobiological metabolic studies.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350050311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY