摘要:

AbstractFrom 1984 to 1991, 126 males and females were marked and monitored in a wild population ofPropithecus verreauxiin southwest Madagascar. Animals were assigned birth years, based on known birth date or degree of dental wear calibrated by recapture data. Twenty‐one of 27 groups identified in 1984 persisted within stable home range boundaries, 6 groups disappeared, and 6 new groups formed. Only males transferred between existing groups, although individuals of both sexes left groups to form new groups. The home range of the group into which a male transferred usually overlapped that of his group of origin. On average, 35% of males aged 3–6 years transferred each year. Older males transferred at a lower rate. Three to 6‐year‐old males were more likely than older males to transfer two or three times. Most 3–6‐year old males transferred into groups with a higher proportion and number of females, whereas older males were progressively more likely to transfer into groups with a lower proportion and number of females. New groups were formed by older males, whose mates had died or who had not been successful in joining an existing group, and by young, nulliparous females. Males have rarely been observed for more than 5 years in the same group. Dispersal by 3–6‐year‐old males appeared to be voluntary. Females helped evict non‐natal males from the group but did not prevent new males from joining. Age at first reproduction was 5 years in this population. Forced secondary dispersal may occur when maturing females cease to tolerate males who may be their fathers. ©

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350300102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the behaviors used by male gorillas (G. gorilla beringei) to influence female choice during inter‐group encounters. Encounters are related to the acquisition of females rather than to the defense of a group's range. Data on 58 independent encounters confirms that encounters are generally aggressive, but that contact aggression is less frequent than previously reported. A high number of potential migrants in one of the groups involved, rather than the newness of either group, predicts the likelihood of contact aggression between males. Encounters with a newly formed unit last longer than encounters involving established groups. Male herding serves to prevent female transfer. Females without dependent offspring are more likely than others to be herded. Proceptive females are the target of herding more often than non‐proceptive cycling females. Groups where herding has been observed are more likely to be newly formed, and they include significantly more males. This last result confirms that there are advantages to male cooperation in gorillas. It also raises the question of why such cooperation does not occur more often. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350300103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCaptive adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) produce whistle‐like “phee” calls in two contexts; in the home cage environment, phee calls may function as part of territorial marking behavior, and when animals are separated from social companions, phee calls may serve to reunite the group. Isolation phee calls tend to have more syllables than calls produced in the home cage by the same animals, and as a result, are longer in duration. The durations of isolation call syllables are shorter than in home cage calls, and isolation calls have lower start and end frequencies, higher peak frequencies, and increased frequency range compared to phee calls produced by the same animals in their home cages. The modifications made to the general structure of the phee call by isolated animals result in more information that may indicate context or location of an isolated caller. When the vocalizations were analyzed by sex, between‐sex differences in call structure appeared consistently in both contexts. Males tended to exhibit higher call frequencies and greater variability between syllables than females. Published 1993 Wiley‐

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350300104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUrinary free cortisol responses to five cage sizes, cage level, room change, tethering adaptation, chronic catheterization, and ketamine sedation were measured in 14 female and 14 male wild‐born adultMacaca fascicularis.Urinary free cortisol, a physiological measure of psychological well‐being that can be collected unobtrusively, provided a measure of the animals' general adrenocortical response to various conditions over a time course of hours. Urinary free cortisol values in response to stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) validated the measure as a reflection of blood values. Cortisol values were expressed as a ratio to creatinine, which normalized for differences in urinary output and body weight (muscle mass). Cage size (20–140% of regulation floor area) and housing level (upper vs. lower cage) had no effect on stress, as measured by cortisol excretion. Room change elicited a slight increase in cortisol excretion for the first day, but not to a level suggesting stress. Sedation, surgery, some aspects of tethering adaptation, and chronic catheterization produced urinary cortisol evidence of stress. Even so, animals varied in their responses and all showed adaptation. Males and females did not differ in normal mean values but females tended to have higher cortisol levels in response to potential stressors investigated in this study. Cortisol levels continued to decline gradually throughout the study. © 1993 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350300105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA take‐over and infanticide were observed in a South Indian population of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). A one‐male, bisexual troop of langurs (Troop B1) was attacked by a band of two adult males and one subadult male. During the take‐over, the resident male and one elderly female were driven from the troop. The youngest infant, about two months old, was fatally wounded by an attack from the dominant incoming male (S1). However, other young infants in Troop B1 were left unharmed. All three incoming males remained in Troop B1 but the troop appeared to remain functionally one‐male, as S1 did not allow the other adult male to copulate. There was no sign that S1 attempted to eject the other two males from troop B1. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350300106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350300107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350300101

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY