摘要:

AbstractAmong captive primates, inanimate environmental enrichment can lead to measurable changes in behavior indicative of an improvement in psychological well‐being. Although this has been demonstrated repeatedly for singly caged primates, the relationship is not as well studied for pairhoused animals. Study of the pair‐housed setting has become increasingly relevant because of the social housing mandate of the Animal Welfare Act regulations. We therefore observed 68 juvenile rhesus monkeys born in 1988 and 1989 and living in mixed‐sex pairs from the ages of 2 to 3 years. All pairs were compatible. Half of the pairs received two types of enrichment, while the remaining pairs served as controls. Enriched and control juvenile subjects differed in the amount of time that they spent being inactive, playing, and drinking, but did not differ in the amount of time they spent interacting with their partner. Grooming and play were the two most common socially directed activities in both groups, a species‐appropriate pattern. Males played more and vocalized less than did females. Overall, enriched and control subjects spent equivalent amounts of time located within a social distance of one another, but there was some difference between groups in allocation of behaviors while near the pairmate. Environmental enhancers were frequently utilized, and led to relatively small changes in behavior between control and enriched subjects, suggesting that the presence of a partner for juvenile rhesus monkeys acts as a form of enrichment that may dilute the effects of inanimate environmental enhancements. © 1994 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the hierarchical complexity of combinatorial manipulation in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 capuchins were presented with an apparatus designed to accommodate the use of probing tools. In Experiment 2 the same capuchins were presented with sets of nesting containers. Five of the ten subjects used probing tools and seven subjects placed objects in the containers. The capuchins' behavior reflected three hierarchically organized combinatorial patterns displayed by chimpanzees and human infants. Although the capuchins sometimes displayed the two more complex patterns (“pot” and “subassembly”), their combinatorial behavior was dominated by the simplest pattern (“pairing”). In this regard capuchins may not attain the same grammar of manipulative action that has been reported for chimpanzees and young human children. © 1994 Wil

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHighly repeated DNA sequences were investigated as potential phylogenetic indicators among five species of galagines. One lorisine, one cheirogaleid, and two lemurid species were also investigated as progressively more distant outgroups. The lorisids displayed strong conservatism with regard to these sequences, to the point where the galegine species proved difficult to differentiate. When restriction fragment differences were observed, the galagine species fell into two groups: one containing the greater galagos andG. alleniand the other comprising the lesser galagos. The sequences of the cheirogaleidMicrocebus murinuswere found to be highly species‐specific, bearing little resemblance to those of the galagines or the lemurids. Common sequences detected betweenM. murinusandG. senegalensismay be ancient sequences shared by all strepsirhines. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study describes the peripheral concentrations of immunoreactive (ir) inhibin, progesterone, and bioactive gonadotrophin during pregnancy in the marmoset monkey, a New World primate. Blood samples were taken every two weeks from six animals from ovulation to parturition. Plasma ir‐inhibin concentrations were measured by inhibin α‐subunit‐directed radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a recently developed two‐site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) which is specific for inhibin αβ dimer. Concentrations of α‐inhibin increased (P<0.001) during early pregnancy to reach a peak on week 12 of pregnancy and showed a positive correlation with bioassayable gonadotrophin concentrations (r= 0.5, n = 64; P<0.001). The concentrations of both α‐inhibin and gonadotrophin showed no further peaks and declined (P<0.001) to low levels prior to birth. Concentrations of dimeric inhibin were substantially lower than those measured by RIA and did not vary significantly during pregnancy. Progesterone concentrations remained at luteal‐phase levels during the first half of pregnancy and increased (P<0.05) during the second half to reach maximum concentrations just prior to birth. The relationship between α‐inhibin, gonadotrophin, and progesterone suggests that the increase in α‐inhibin may be luteal in source and under the control of gonadotrophin. The absence of a second increase in α‐inhibin later in pregnancy and the finding that lategestation placenta contained very little α‐inhibin differs from observations in Old World primates studied and suggests that the placenta may not be a source of inhibin during pregnancy in the marmoset. The finding of high levels of α‐inhibin, but not dimeric inhibin, suggests that inhibin‐related molecules may have a role other than suppression of pituitary folliclestimulat

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMangabey groups studied in the Kibale Forest Reserve, Uganda, in 1971 were studied again in 1991 using similar data collection protocols. The results were used to assess the effect of group size on activity budgets and travel costs, and to document the effects of habitat changes on mangabey density and demography. Larger mangabey groups traveled longer distances per day than smaller groups. Time budgets were less clearly influenced by group size. Mangabey population density increased over the 20 year period. This increase in population density paralleled habitat changes, particularly an increase in tree density, and was accompanied by increased use of regenerating forest. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study was planned to evaluate the poor reproductive performance of aged squirrel monkeys in a self‐sustaining breeding colony. Two groups of monkeys aged 6–8 years (Group 1), and>12 years (Group 2) were evaluated. During the midbreeding season, daily blood samples were obtained for a period of 35 days from 10 animals in each group. Blood samples were assayed for serum estradiol (E), progesterone (P), and bioassayable luteinizing hormone (bio‐LH) concentrations and the data were analyzed by ANOVA (analysis of variance). Bio‐LH surges were less frequent in the aged breeders (Group 2). Total P output during periovulatory period (day −;3 to day + 3) and the total P output during the luteal phases of the estrus cycles were significantly lower in aged squirrel monkeys (Group 2,P<0.003). Although E peaks occurred less frequently in Group 2, they had higher concentrations as compared to Group 1 (P<0.003). Cumulative periovulatory and luteal phase E levels did not differ between the two groups. The reduction in P output in aged squirrel monkeys may interfere with proper implantation, thus contributing to the lower pregnancy rate observed in this age group. The decreased frequency of bio‐LH surges indicated less frequent ovulations in the aged animals which may further impair reproduction with aging. © 1994 Wil

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNew World primates express a form of sterol/steroid resistance resulting from the presence of a 58–60 kDa intracellular protein (IDBP) which competes with nuclear receptor proteins for binding of vitamin D metabolites and sex steroids. As the thyroid hormone receptor is a recognized member of the steroid/retinoid/vitamin D receptor gene superfamily, we sought to confirm previous data describing the existence of thyronine resistance in New World primate species and to determine whether IDBP was capable of binding ligands which confer transcriptional regulatory potential on thyroid hormone‐retinoid heterodimeric complexes. Circulating thyroid hormone levels were compared between vitamin D‐resistant New World primates and nonresistant Old World primates. Total triiodothyronine (T3), free T3index, and free thyroxine were not different between New World and Old World primates. Thyroxine was significantly lower (P<0.03) in New World than in Old World primates. T3(1 pM‐1μM), 9‐cis retinoic acid (100 nM) and all‐transretinoic acid (100 nM) were incapable of displacing 2 nM [3H]25‐hydroxyvitamin D3from IDBP extracted from B95‐8 cells, a B‐lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the vitamin D‐resistant New World primateCallithrix jacchus. We conclude that the sterol/steroid‐resistant state characteristic of many genera of New World primates does not extend to thyroid hormones and that the IDBP responsible for vitamin D resistance does not bind T3, 9‐cis retinoic acid, and all‐trans retinoic ac

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis 1991–1992 study was designed to expand previous research on body weight (BW) in Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Emei. Data on BW were collected in late autumn (LA) and late winter (LW) in groups ranging above 1,200 m. Over the winter, the BW fell significantly from a mean of 16.8 to 11.4 kg in females and from 19.5 to 17.0 kg in males. The previously reported BW means of 12.8 kg for females and 18.3 kg for males, measured in late spring, are near the center of the annual BW range for this species. In addition, with the sharper decline of female BW (−32% vs. −13% seen in males), the sexual dimorphism (M/F) in BW increased from 1.16 in LA to 1.49 in LW. This finding may be related to differential parental investment by two sexes. © 1994 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY