摘要:

AbstractThe axial skeleton ofCebupithecia sarmientoiis described and analyzed for its functional and phylogenetic implications. The vertebrae of the holotype ofC. sarmientoi(UCMP 38762) most closely resemble those of the extant pitheciine genusPitheciaand display features associated with adaptations for clinging and leaping as in that genus.Cebupitheciahas a relatively long non‐prehensile tail, which is most similar in absolute dimensions and proportions toPithecia monachus. It also shares withP. monachusa distinctive morphology of the thoracic vertebrae, specifically the presence of a bony pillar spanning the vertebral lamina and body, caudal to the pedicle, herein designated the vinculum laminum. It is proposed that many of these features are shared primitive retentions from the last common ancestor of theCebupithecia‐pitheciine cl

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCaptive colonies of cotton top tamarins experience a high rate of rejection of infants within the 1st week of life. The rates of rejection and survival to maturity (2 or more years) among 659 live colony‐born infants were correlated with rearing, birth group, litter size, season of birth, gender, origin of parents, experience of parents raising siblings, parity and age of parents, and experience of parent pairs. The most important factors associated with low rejection rates were family life and parental experience raising infants. Infants born into family groups or reared in families were rejected at a significantly lower rate. Rejection of infants whose sires were raised with siblings was significantly lower. Paternal experience was more important than maternal experience. Litter size had no effect on rejection of infants born to family groups, whereas, rejection of triplets was significantly higher than twins or singles among those born to parents alone. Rejection was significantly higher among primiparous births than multiparous birth. The combined experience of colony‐born parents was not related to rejection if there were no sibling helpers in the cage at the time of birth. Rejection was significantly lower if sibling helpers were present. High survival of infants who were not rejected was correlated with rearing by or being born into family groups and higher parity and older age of the si

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMany scientists and colony managers assume that social housing is a beneficial living condition for all captive primates. Several older studies of primate development question the generality of this assumption. We recently tested this assumption by comparing the social development of pigtailed macaque infants raised in pairs and those that were raised in individual cages. All animals received 30 min of daily socialization in a playroom. Infants paired from postnatal week 3 through month 4 developed a playroom behavioral repertoire consisting largely of mutual clinging, fear, and social withdrawal. This was especially true of females. Unlike the singly caged infants, pair‐reared monkeys did not successfully adapt to living in a large social group at 8–10 months of age. In this situation, pair‐reared infants were subordinate and spent almost all of their time huddling on the pen floor. It was concluded that rearing macaque infants in pairs produces a behavioral repertoire that is maladaptive with respect to social develo

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFemale macaques were tested under two different psychologically stressful situations in which plasma ACTH and glucocorticoid concentrations were measured. In the first, animals were operantly trained to enter a small transport cage over a four‐week period, and plasma ACTH and glucocorticoids were measured in response to brief confinement in the cage before and after training. ACTH values were significantly lower in the pre‐test (stress) condition when compared to those for the post‐test, whereas the opposite result was found for glucocorticoid values. In the second experiment, blood samples were collected before and one hour after exposure to more acute and severe stress (restraint, venipuncture, handcapture, transport). Both ACTH and glucocorticoid values were significantly elevated from baseline at the post‐test sample. The differential relationship between the two hormones among the two experiments was likely the result of the specific timing and magnitude of the stress imposed by each test si

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeven adult female stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) were confronted alternately with their reflection in a mirror and with the mirror covered. The reflection elicited significantly more visual attention and social responding than the control stimulus, replicating previous findings. Mirror‐image stimulation did not significantly affect the subjects' manipulation of unfamiliar objects, but it did increase bout‐lengths of episodes of drinking from a bottle containing orange juice. Possible explanations for the ability of the mirror to induce social facilitation of drinking but not of object manipulation are discussed, along with possible underlying mechanisms. Mirror‐induced social facilitation is further evidence that monkeys interpret their reflection as a conspe

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350250201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY