摘要:

AbstractA comparison of the G‐banded karyotypes of two red howler subspecies,Alouatta seniculus arctoideaandA. s. sara, showed that they differed by at least 14 chromosomal rearrangements. Genomic reshuffling is so great that homologs between subspecies could not be found for some chromosome, while the assignment of homology for other chromosomes remains uncertain. The two red howlers, however, share an unusual X1X2Y1Y2/ X1X1X2X2sex‐chromosome system that resulted from a Y‐autosome translocation, probably in a common ancestor. The great chromosomal variability resulting from rapid chromosomal evolution in howlers indicates that cytogenetic data could make an important contribution to resolving phylogenetic and conservation problems in this group of highly conspicuous New World Monkeys. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn recent years, two major questions concerning the phyletic relationships and systematic position of the douc langurs have arisen. These concern, firstly, the taxonomic level at which the doucs as a group should be distinguished and, secondly, the number of taxa of doucs that should be recognized. It has recently been demonstrated on the basis of an exhaustive phylogenetic analysis that the doucs are generically distinct from the snub‐nosed langurs and that they should be referred to as species ofPygathrixandRhinopithecus, respectively [Jablonski and Peng, Folia Primatologica 60:36–55, 1993]. The present investigation was directed toward testing this conclusion using an expanded data set and a different method of character coding, and toward addressing the question as to the number of species or subspecies of doucs that should be recognized. A wide variety of data from large samples of doucs (n = 38), snub‐nosed langurs (n = 53), and an out group (macaques; n = 191) were assembled, coded, and analyzed using an interactive computerized program for phylogenetic analysis. The specimens ofPygathrixexamined included skeletal specimens, skins, and, when possible, living animals representing the three recognized taxa of doucs,nemaeus nigripes, andmoi. The data base for the study comprised 178 characters, including measurements of skeletal specimens (98 characters), qualitative (presence or absence) morphological features (36 characters), characteristics of the pelage (39 characters), and 5 miscellaneous characters.The conclusions of the study were that 1) as a group, the taxa ofPygathrixpreserved a larger number of primitive features for thePygathrix‐Rhino‐pithecusclade than did the taxa ofRhinopithecus; 2) the taxa ofPygathrixwere less different from one another than are the species ofRhinopithecuswere from one another; 3) the subspeciesPygathrix nemaeus moiKloss, 1926 be synonymized withPygathrix nemaeus nigripes, as suggested by Napier [Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and Elsewhere in the British Isles. Port III Family Cercopithecidae, Sub‐Family Colobinae. London, 1985]; 4) the extant doucs were best recognized as two subspecies,P. nemaeus nemaeusfor the red‐shanked douc andP. nemaeus nigripesfor the black‐shanked douc; and 5) the phylogeny of the doucs and snub‐nosed langurs proposed by Jablonski and Peng[op cit.,1993] was found to be robust. © 19

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough many studies have reported the robust effects of dietary restriction (DR) in retarding numerous aging processes in rodents, little is known about the outcomes of reducing caloric intake of a nutritious diet on aging in primates. Most primate studies have concerned the effects of malnutrition. We hypothesized that DR influences aging processes in primate species as it does in rodents. In the present study, 24 male rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys (ages 0.6–5 years) and 25 male squirrel (Saimirisp.) monkeys (ages 0.3–10 years) were provided diets formulated differently for each species but both fortified with vitamins and minerals (40% above recommended levels) as controls (approximating ad libitum levels) or experimentals (about 30% below the level of diet provided controls of comparable age and body weight). The results reported here concern the hypothesis that DR imposed during various developmental stages in these two primate species would affect morphometric parameters obtained at different occasions during the first 5 years of the study. Groups of older monkeys (rhesus: 18–25 years, n = 3; squirrel: 10–15 years, n = 4) were also included as controls for comparative purposes. Among groups of rhesus monkeys begun on DR prior to 6 years of age, growth in body weight and crown‐rump length was reduced about 10–20% beginning after 1 year on the diet, with estimated food intake being reduced about 30–35% over this period. Measures of skin‐fold thickness and various body circumference measures were also reduced in experimental groups of rhesus monkeys. In contrast, the DR regimen involving a different diet produced little impact on comparable measures in squirrel monkeys, with the estimated food intake being reduced only about 20–25% over this period. However evidence of divergence in some morphometric parameters in squirrel monkeys was beginning to emerge in young groups (<5 years(after 3 yers on the diet. © 19

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMale rhesus monkeys typically disperse from their groups of birth when they are between 3 and 5 years of age. Some males, however, delay dispersal from their natal groups until after they are 5 years old. The current study evaluated central monoaminergic neurotransmitter activity as a potential correlate of such “delayed” dispersal among 54 randomly selected adolescent and adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) captured on Cayo Santiago during an annual trapping season. Specifically, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA, a serotonin metabolite), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG, a norepinephrine metabolite), and homovanillic acid (HVA, a dopamine metabolite) were compared in monkeys 60 months of age or more that had either dispersed (n = 33) or were still in their natal groups (n = 5). The monkeys still in their natal groups had higher CSF concentrations of both 5‐HIAA and HVA (but not MHPG) than did the animals that had emigrated (Ps<0.05). Subsequent analysis indicated that only 5‐HIAA independently differentiated dispersing monkeys from delayed dispensers. Of monkeys less than 60 months of age (n = 16), only two had dispersed from their natal groups; in this age class, there were no significant differences between dispersing and natal individuals in any CSF monoaminergic metabolite (allPs= NS). Finally, there was no difference in the CSF 5‐HIAA concentrations of the five delayed dispersers and those of younger animals (P= NS), suggesting a failure to experience the frequently reported adolescent decline in serotonergic activity. In contrast, the CSF 5‐HIAA concentrations of the dispersing animals were lower than those of the younger animals (P<0.05), consistent with either an agerelated decline or an effect of dispersal per se.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aye‐aye,Daubentonia madagascariensis, uses its middle digit to tap on woody sources in search of subsurface cavities containing prey. The acoustical properties of these cavities are thought to be important to this percussive foraging, but the contributions of cavity size, configuration, and contents to efficient prey capture are not known. The purpose of this study was to characterize these cavities and their residents. An analysis of foraged trees at two sites in Madagascar revealed that many of the foraged cavities are mines bored by large cerambycid beetle larvae. Apparently cerambycids, as well as inquiline residents of their mines, are major targets of aye‐aye foraging behavior. The larvae bore extended mines that course approximately parallel to the long axes of the trees in which they reside. The orientation and large size of the mines offer an acoustical trail that the aye‐aye may follow to its prey. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractObservations were made on a well‐habituated natural troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui), living in warm‐temperate, lowland forest in Yakushima. Between mid‐May and the end of June the macaques feed on the fruit of the evergreen treeMyrica rubra(Myricaceae). The fruit of this species are abundant in some years and scarce in others. Data were compared for two heavy‐fruiting years (1988 and 1990) and one poor‐fruiting year (1991) to examine the influence of fruit availability on patterns of foraging, ranging, and the frequency of inter‐troop encounters. In both heavy‐fruiting yearsM. rubrafruit accounted for a maximum of over 70% of foraging time, compared with a maximum of<5% in the poor‐fruiting year. Heavy fruiting was also associated with a marked decrease in the overall time spent foraging. In early May of all three years troop movements were largely confined to northern parts of the home range. By early June of both heavy‐fruiting years ranging had shifted to the south‐west, and included an area with a high concentration ofM. rubratrees. This area was rarely visited at other times, and was not visited during the study period in the poor‐fruiting year. The overlap in range‐use between the two heavy‐fruiting years was significantly greater than that between the heavy‐fruiting years and the poor‐fruiting year. Heavy fruiting was also associated with an increase in the frequency of inter‐troop enc

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY