摘要:

AbstractThe study reports on the use of urinary and fecal hormone measurements for monitoring female reproductive status in captive‐housed Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Matched urine and fecal samples collected throughout 7 complete menstrual cycles of two females, and during part of one pregnancy in a third female were analyzed. Estrone conjugates (E1C) and immunoreactive pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) in urine and immunoreactive estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), pregnanediol (Pd) and 20α‐hydroxyprogesterone (20αOHP) in feces were measured by enzymeimmunoassay. E1C and PdG in urine were excreted in a cyclic pattern with E1C levels increasing 3‐ to 4‐fold during the follicular phase to reach preovulatory peak values 2 days before a defined rise in PdG concentrations. Cycle lengths ranged between 20 and 34 days comprising a variable follicular phase of 7–21 days and a more consistent luteal phase of 12–14 days. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of fecal extracts confirmed the presence of all fecal hormones measured, but indicated large amounts of additional immunoreactivity in the three progestin assays. The patterns of excretion of fecal E2 and all three fecal progestins corresponded well with those of steroid metabolites in urine in showing a clear and well defined follicular phase E2 rise followed by a luteal phase progestin increase. Measurement of 20αOHP immunoreactivity revealed the most stable baseline and the highest follicular/luteal phase differential. Levels of all hormones were clearly elevated during pregnancy although urinary E1C and PdG showed a more pronounced increase compared to fecal metabolites. The results indicate that urinary and fecal hormone analysis can be applied to noninvasive monitoring of reproductive status in the Hanuman langur. © 1995

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrior research has shown that estrous female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatto) maintain spatial proximity preferentially to lower‐ranking males. In this paper, 657 h of focal individual follows of 48 free‐ranging estrous female rhesus macaques of two social groups during two mating seasons are used to evaluate the hypothesis that this phenomenon is attributable to female mate choice for novel males. This hypothesis is plausible because of the positive correlation between dominance rank and the length of time since a male immigrated into a group or matured in his natal group (i.e., his breeding tenure). However, partial correlation analysis showed that after removing the effect of dominance rank, there was no significant tendency for estrous females to maintain proximity preferentially to males of shorter breeding tenure. In contrast, removing the effect of breeding tenure did not eliminate the result that estrous females maintained proximity preferentially to lower ranking males. Novel (i.e., extra‐group, new immigrant, and newly matured natal) males did not consistently experience more estrous female proximity maintenance than non‐novel males, although sample sizes are too small to conclusively falsify this hypothesis. Within male‐estrous female dyads, responsibility for proximity maintenance did not tend to shift from the female to the male between consecutive mating seasons. Male breeding tenure was not significantly correlated with year‐to‐year change in responsibility for proximity maintenance. Male breeding tenure was not consistently correlated with female sexual refusal. In one of two social groups, in one of two mating seasons, females appeared to choose novel males. These data provide, at most, weak support for the hypothesis that female primates in multi‐male groups exercise mate choice for novel males. © 1995

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLeaf‐swallowing by chimpanzees Pan troglodytes has been hypothesized to control parasites, but it has not yet been shown to be associated with specific parasitic infections. This report takes advantage of a tapeworm infestation among wild chimpanzees to examine whether leaf‐swallowing was associated with the presence of tapeworms.Leaf‐swallowing was monitored over 6.5 years in two chimpanzee communities in Kibale National Park (Uganda). In one community, tape‐worms ?Bertiella studeri were found only during a seven‐month period, when they occurred in every month. During this period, leaf‐swallowing occurred at an unusually high rate, and dungs that contained tapeworm fragments tended to contain whole leaves. These data suggest that tape‐worm infections increased the rate at which chimpanzees swallowed whole leaves. However, this does not mean that tapeworms were necessarily controlled as a result. © 1995 W

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA practical method for collecting, storing, and transporting liquid biological samples in a dry state for subsequent hormone metabolite analyses is presented. This method employs the use of ordinary filter paper strips that imbibe liquid samples. Samples taken up by the filter paper were allowed to dry and were retained at ambient conditions in capped vials for up to 5 years prior to analysis. Examples presented in the present report include urine samples from human and nonhuman primates as well as solubilized fecal samples from nonhuman primates. Hormone metabolite analysis of the paper‐stored samples provided data that were comparable to the results obtained from analyses of the original liquid samples. One year of storage had no effect on hormone concentration. Five years of storage resulted in concentrations that were quantitatively less but qualitatively similar to the concentrations obtained by direct analysis of the initial samples. These data demonstrate the versatility and reliability of paper as a matrix for biological samples that may provide a more convenient approach for collecting and transporting samples collected in the field. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is one of six sympatric nocturnal primates found in the Kirindy forest, west‐Madagascar. Each of these species is reported to consume a secretion produced during the austral winter by the Homopteran insectFlatidia coccinea. In July and August 1993 a study was conducted to determine the importance of this food resource in the ecology of femaleM. murinus. At this study site, animals were distributed only along the forest edge where insect secretions are significantly more abundant than in the forest interior. Abundances of arboreal and nocturnal flying insects do not differ between the forest edge and interior. Experimental resource removal from a 25 × 25 m plot in one female's home range caused a significant shift in the animals' pattern of habitat use while no change occurred in a control plot. Thus, at this study site and time of year, the ranging behavior of a female M. murinus was strongly influenced by the presence of Homopteran secretions. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCytogenetic studies have been carried out in 39 specimens of C.apellaof different origins. Three different morphologies, one affecting the long arm of chromosome 4 and two affecting pair 17, have been detected. In each case, they can be related by paracentric inversions. Heterochromatin polymorphisms affecting terminal or interstitial C+ regions have also been observed. The length of the terminal heterochromatic region in the long arms of chromosome 11 is variable in C.apellasp., in C.a. paraguayanusand absent in theC. a. nigritusspecimens studied. Interstitial C + bands can be observed in the long arms of the biarmed chromosomes 4 and 6, and in the long arms of the acrocentric pairs 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. Interstitial C + bands in the long arms of chromosomes 4, 12, 17, and 19 are present in all animals studied, although their size is variable, especially in the case of chromosomes 17 and 19. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between social status, behavioral characteristics, and central serotonergic function was examined in eight adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The subjects were housed in four‐member social groups for 6 months. Social behavior was observed three times a week. The early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was determined based on the occurrence of menses, and the prolactin response to acute administration of fenfluramine HCl during the early follicular phase was used as a measure of net brain serotonergic responsivity. Delta prolactin responses (the prolactin response to fenfluramine minus baseline concentrations) were lower in dominant than in subordinate females. Dominant females were more aggressive and less submissive than subordinates. Likewise, females with the lowest delta prolactin concentrations were more aggressive and less submissive than females that had relatively large increases in prolactin. Delta prolactin responses also correlated negatively with percent time eating and investigating in close proximity to penmates, and correlated positively with percent time scanning anxiously while alone. The same pattern of correlation was noted between social status and the aforementioned affiliative behaviors. It was concluded that high central serotonergic responsivity may be associated with low rates of aggression, high rates of submission, and subordinate social status in female cynomolgus monkeys. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY