摘要:

AbstractWe have previously studied the relationship between dominance rank and physiology among male olive baboons (Papio anubis) living freely in a national park in Africa. In stable hierarchies, such males have distinctive secretory profiles of glucocorticoids and of testosterone. We find that these endocrine features are not, in fact, purely markers of social dominance; instead, they are found only among dominant males with particular stylistic traits of social behavior. One intercorrelated stylistic cluster revolved around the intensity with which the male is involved in sexual consortships (e.g., frequency of copulation, of grooming, degree to which feeding is suppressed by being in consortship). Males most involved in such consortships had the lowest basal cortisol concentrations and smaller cortisol stress‐responses. A second stylistic cluster revolved around the degree of social affiliation (e.g., rate of grooming and interacting positively with non‐estrus females and infants). Males who were highly affiliated had low basal cortisol concentrations and an attenuated cortisol stress‐response. A third cluster revolved around the degree to which males could distinguish between highly threatening interactions with rivals and neutral or mildly threatening ones. Males most adept at this had lower basal cortisol concentrations. These behavioral/endocrine clusters were independent of each other. This suggests that the same adaptive physiological feature (e.g., low basal cortisol concentrations) may arise from different and independent personality styles. © 1992 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData on captive longevity in 587 mammalian species were analyzed in order to evaluate primate longevity in the context of general mammalian life history patterns. Contrary to some recurrent claims in the literature, we found that 1) primates are not the longest‐lived mammalian order, either by absolute longevity, longevity corrected for body size, or metabolic expenditure per lifetime; 2) although relative brain size is highly correlated with longevity in primates, this is an aberrant trend for mammals in general, and other body organs account for an even greater amount of variation in longevity; and 3) there has been no progressive evolution of increased longevity among the primate superfamilies. The exceptional magnitude of primate longevity may, in keeping with evolutionary senescence theory, be due to an evolutionary history of low vulnerability to environmentally imposed death due to their body size, arboreal habit, and propensity to live in social groups. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe investigated the occurrence of rickets in adolescent tamarins (Saguinus imperator) residing at the Los Angeles Zoo. Compared to tamarins in the same colony without clinical evidence of bone disease (N = 6), rachitic platyrrhines (N = 3) had a decrease in their serum calcium concentration (P<.05). The affected tamarins also had lower serum 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25‐(OH)2D3) levels than did nonaffected colony mates, but 2–10‐fold higher concentrations than in Old World primates of a comparable developmental stage. New World primates in many different genera are known to exhibit target organ resistance to the active vitamin D3metabolite, 1,25‐(OH)2D3, compensated by maintenance of high circulating concentrations of 1,25‐(OH)2D3. The relatively low serum 1,25‐(OH)2D3concentration in rachitic tamarins and ultraviolet B radiation deficient environment of these primates suggested that bone disease may be linked to a deficiency in substrate for 1,25‐(OH)2D3, 25 hydroxyvtamin D3(25‐OHD3). Chronic exposure of platyrrhines in three different vitamin D resistant genera to an artificial UVB source resulted in 1) a significant increase in the mean serum 25‐OHD3(P<.001) and 1,25‐(OH)2D3(P<.02) level over that encountered in platyrrhines not exposed to UVB; and 2) prevention of rachitic bone disease in irradiated individuals. These data further show that the serum 25‐OHD3and 1,25‐OH2D3levels are positively correlated in vitamin D‐resistant platyrrhines (r = 0.64;P= .0014) and suggest that a compromise in cutaneous vitamin D3production by means of UVB deprivation may limit necessary 1,25‐(OH)2D3produ

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSleeping cluster composition and distribution were studied in a semi‐free‐ranging population of 174 Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in Rocamadour/France. Over a period of 2 months 341 sleeping clusters comprising 754 animals were recorded as animals left the sleeping trees. To control for nocturnal activities five observation periods were conducted, each of which covered a complete night. Sleeping partners were selected from a particular set of individuals. From night to night there was considerable fluctuation among the individuals, which finally formed a sleeping cluster. Preferred size of sleeping clusters was two and three individuals per cluster. The majority of females spent the nights in body contact to infants or female juveniles; whereas males either slept alone or with older male juveniles. Adult males and females never shared a sleeping cluster. During the night the animals showed hardly any locomotive and vocal activity. Sleeping clusters remained stable until dissociation the next morning. © 1992 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between a mother and an adult daughter is examined in a group of free‐ranging ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) at the Duke University Primate Center (DUPC). Although the two females were affiliative during the birth season, interactions during the mating season were predominantly agonistic. The maturing daughter was dominant to the mother, as has been observed in many caged social groups at the DUPC. Although both mother and daughter produced offspring in the same group, the daughter subsequently aggressively evicted the mother from the enclosure. It was not possible to maintain more than one long‐term resident breeding female in the same social group. This pattern contrasts with observations of affiliation among breeding females in the wild. © 1992 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this study, semen was obtained by rectal probe electrostimulation (RPE) from the Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra). Three experimental series were conducted. First, semen was collected from four animals anesthetized with either tiletamine‐zolazepam (Telazol®) or ket‐amine‐HCl (Vetalar®) (five collections from each animal with each drug). Because of greater muscle relaxation and analgesia, we found tiletaminezolazepam to be an attractive alternative to ketamine‐HCl as an anesthetic agent for RPE inM. nigra.Second, semen was collected from another four animals at stimulation frequencies of either 30 Hz or 60 Hz (five collections from each animal at each frequency). There were no significant differences in sperm number, in percentage of sperm with progressive motility, in the current required for sample recovery between tiletamine‐zolazepam or ketamine‐HCl anesthesia, or between a 30 Hz or 60 Hz stimulation frequency. Third, to check for retrograde sperm loss, the bladders of four animals were emptied, flushed with sterile saline, and then infused with TALP‐Hepes medium. After RPE, sperm numbers in the bladder were compared with those in the ejaculate. Although sperm were recovered from the bladder [1.6 (± 0.9) × 106] (mean ± SEM), the numbers were significantly less (P<0.05) than those in the ejaculate [49 (± 18) × 106]. The percentage of sperm with normal morphology in these samples was high (96.8 ± 1.0%). The average sperm number in the 84 samples collected for this study was 33.8 (± 4.1) × 106. In preliminary experiments, we found thatM. nigrasperm will fertilize rhesus monkey oocytes (Macaca mulatta) in vitro.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350280411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY