摘要:

AbstractThe effect of the mother's absence on the fertility status and expression of scent marking behavior was examined in 12 sexually mature female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) living in four motherless families. Behavioral data and urine samples were collected on an average of five times per week and levels of estrone‐glucuronide (E1G) were quantified directly by radioimmunoassay to establish whether the females showed ovarian cyclicity. Of the 12 females investigated only the dominant female in each motherless group exhibited regular E1G cycles. By contrast, low and acyclic hormonal profiles were found for subordinate sisters. In addition to differences in the patterns and levels of E1G, scent gland morphology and rates of scent marking differed between females: dominant, cycling females had elaborate glands and significantly higher rates of scent marking than subordinates. These results indicate that the presence of the mother (breeding female) is one important factor regulating ovarian function in cotton‐top tamarin daughters. The findings also show that dominance status is a vital determinant of each female's subsequent physiological reproductive competence, with only the dominant female obtaining complete fertility and probably inhibiting ovulatory activity in her subordinate sisters. Scent marking behavior seems to be involved in the regulation of this phenomenon of intrasexual reproductive compet

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInstead of close and differentiated relationship among adult females, the accepted norm for savanna baboons, groups of Drakensberg mountain baboons (Papio ursinus) showed strong affiliation of females towards a single male. The same male was usually the decision‐making animal in controlling group movements. Lactating or pregnant females focused their grooming on this “leader” male, producing a radially patterned sociogram, as in the desert baboon (P. hamadryas); the leader male supported young animals in the group against aggression and protected them against external threats. Unlike typical savanna baboons, these mountain baboons rarely displayed approach‐retreat or triadic interactions, and entirely lacked coalitions among adult females. Both groups studied were reproductively one‐male; male‐female relationships in one were like those in a unit ofhamadryasmale at his peak, while the other group resembled the unit of an oldhamadryasmale, who still led the group, with a male follower starting to build up a new unit and already monoplizing mating. In their mountain environment, where the low population density suggests conditions as harsh for baboons as in deserts, adults in these groups kept unusually large distances apart during ranging; kin tended to range apart, and spacing of adults was greatest at the end of the dry, winter season. These facts support the hypothesis that sparse food is responsible for convergence with hamadryas social organization. It is suggested that all baboons, though matrilocal, are better categorized as “cross‐sex‐bonded” t

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree troops of olive baboons (Papio anubis) comprising 134 animals were captured during a translocation program. All three troops (PHG, CRIP, WBY) lived in high‐altitude savannah, but two (CRIP and WBY) also frequented human settlements, where they had access to the garbage pits and vegetable gardens. The translocation offered the opportunity to compare body condition, activity patterns, and parasitism among the troops of animals. A variety of body measurements were taken, a physical examination performed, activity patterns for the previous 2 years enumerated, and blood and feces collected for virological and parasitological analyses. Body condition, as judged qualitatively by appearance and quantitatively by subcutaneous fat thickness and body weight, was lowest in PHG, the naturally foraging troop. All animals were negative for all viruses. No blood‐borne parasites were found, but the feces of the majority of animals were positive for eggs of strongyles, ascarids,Trichurisspp., andStrongyloidesspp. Quantification of strongyles indicated the heaviest burdens were in the non provisioned troop PHG. These results when combined with the behavioral observations that PHG spent more time foraging and less time resting or socializing than WBY suggest lowered availability and/or a poorer quality of PHG's diet. The data support the hypothesis of a causal relationship between host nutrition and helminth parasite infection but do not permit general conclusions to be drawn on mechanisms of interact

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhole blood serotonin (WBS) determinations were made in 56 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with approximately equal numbers in three age groups: young‐adult (4–5 years), middle‐aged (13–14 years), and old (over 18 years). The animals were housed in ten living groups with one female and male of each age group in each living group. Half of the groups were fed a diet high in lipid, cholesterol, simple sugars, and sodium; the other half received a restricted diet. Three determinations per animal showed WBS levels to be stable at two times of day and at a 1‐week interval, and individual differences were stable over several months' time. The mean WBS concentrations inM. nemestrinawere found to be considerably higher than those reported for other species. The mean levels in females were almost 25% higher than in males. No significant effects of age, diet, or dominance status were

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree hundred and thirty sevenMacaca mulattafrom a population that had been isolated on a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico for 46 years were examined for parasites.Anatrichosoma cynamolgi(26%),Strongyloides fuelleborni(54%);Trichuris trichiura(23%); andBalantidium coli(2%) were detected.Toxoplasmaantibodies were found in 10% of the sera examined. Milk was examined forStronglyloides, and blood was examined for microfilariae and protozoa, but no parasites were found in these specimens. The animals in this colony harbored intestinal parasites but were in excellent physical condition, with a high reproductive rate and a low mortality rate. It is concluded that the presence of intestinal and tissue parasites has little measurable effect on the overall health of rhesus in this free‐ranging environmen

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFollowing treatment with estradiol‐17β (E2) on day 6 of the menstrual cycle, degenerative alterations in the microenvironment of the dominant follicle (DF) (follicular fluid [FF], granulosa cells [GC], and oocyte) are readily apparent on day 10, or 96 h after E2administration. The present study was designed to determine how early such changes could be detected and which indices of atresia were observed first. The DF was identified during laparoscopy on day 5 or 6 of the cycle, and four capsules containing crystalline E2were inserted s.c. for 24 h. Contents of the DF were aspirated at 24, 48, and 72 h following initiation of E2treatment. General size and appearance of the DF did not change distinctly with E2treatment; however, by 48 h FF viscosity was increased markedly. GC viability was not altered with treatment. FF concentrations of estrogen (E) were dramatically reduced at 24 h. These differences were maintained at 48 h and at 72 h. E accumulation by cultured GC was significantly reduced by>eightfold. There appeared a similar trend for reduced progesterone (P) in FF and decreased P production by GC in vitro. These results demonstrate that degenerative alterations in the DF indicative of atresia can be detected as early as 24 h after initiation of E2treatment; the index of atresia appearing earliest is a reduction in FF concentrations of E, and the first morphological changes in the DF can be observed 24 h later. This study indicates that biochemical alterations precede morphologic changes with E2‐induced atresia, and should allow us to begin to determine the earliest events and putative initiation sites of atr

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCross‐fostering of infant rhesus macaques between unrelated females has become a routine management strategy at the California Primate Research Center. In order to study the effect of environmental factors on vocal development, we extended this procedure to offspring exchange between two different macaque species living in small social groups. A total of four neonatal Japanese and rhesus monkeys were fostered onto mothers of the other species. Six attempts were required, for an overall success rate of 67%. However, two of the adoptions involved the same foster mother, and both rejections occurred with the same female. The cross‐fostered individuals gained weight normally in the first year of life and did not require any hospital treatment. These results indicate that raising nonhuman primate infants with members of a different species can be a viable means of altering species‐typical experience without sacrificing essential aspects of maternal care, socialization, and psychological well

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdult male rhesus monkeys lose weight during the breeding season and regain it during the nonbreeding season. The annual pattern of maximum weight gain just prior to the onset of breeding resembles the seasonal “fattening” seen in squirrel monkeys, but the period of weight gain is less discrete. The magnitude of weight change is less in younger males, in that sexually immature males gain weight in both seasons, but significantly less during the breeding season. Females do not lose weight during the breeding season. Post hoc analyses revealed no significant correlations between male testosterone levels, dominance ranks, weights, or weight changes. The heaviest animals as juveniles were predictably the heaviest as adolescents. The timing of seasonal changes in testosterone did not correlate with the timing of changes in weight; weight losses followed the rise in testosterone, and weight gains continued until early in the breeding season after testosterone levels had already begun to rise. It is suggested that seasonal hormonal changes may influence activities in individuals and that changes in the activities of particular group members may alter the activity patterns of other group members. This alteration of activity patterns due to group influences on individuals as well as individual influences on the group may explain why hormonal regulation of seasonal weight appears to be indirect and why individuals (juveniles) experiencing no seasonal hormonal changes nonetheless show differences in activity patterns and seasonal weight chan

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA 33‐year‐old, nonreproductive female gorilla was scheduled for ovariohysterectomy after diagnosing endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the right ovary; the contralateral ovary appeared small and inactive. Follicular recruitment and maturation were stimulated on the left ovary using human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin therapy. Three oocytes were recovered and inseminated using a thawed epididymal semen sample collected postmortem and cryopreserved. At 18 h postinsemination, one ovum was fertilized, the second showed evidence of polyspermia, and the third was unfertilized; no further embryonic development was observed. These results demonstrate that viable oocytes can be salvaged from a nonreproductive gorilla using a human exogenous gonadotropin treatment protocol and fertilized in vitro using cryopreserved/thawed epididymal gorilla se

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350180311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY