摘要:

AbstractTetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free‐ranging population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. From 1977 to 1984 the mean (±1 SD) annual total mortality rate (excluding neonatal deaths within 48 h postpartum, abortions, and stillbirths) was 6.39% ± .94%, and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate was 1.33% ± .45%. Tetanus deaths accounted for 19.5% of the total mortality in the colony. In 1985, all monkeys on the island, except infants and six adult monkeys, were given primary inoculations of tetanus toxoid. The following year, boosters were administered, and yearlings received primary inoculations. One fatal case of tetanus and one recovery from mild disease occurred in uninoculated adult monkeys in 1985, but no additional cases have been observed since. For 1985–1986 the mean annual total mortality rate was 3.69% ± .05%, and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate was .08% ± .08%. Thus, during the 2 years after inoculation against tetanus, the mean annual total mortality rate and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate declined by 42.2% and 94.0%, respectively, when compared to the 8‐year period (1977–1984) prior to inoculation. These differences were significant [(χ2= 12.48;P<.005), (χ2= 16.94;P<.005)]. The elimination of tetanus infections through mass inoculation of the Cayo Santiago colony is expected to have a profound impact on the demography of the population by increasing the rate of population growth, by decreasing the differential rates of increase of the component social groups, and by changing the age distribution of

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLongitudinal reproductive and mortality data collected from two colonies of Hanuman langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus) in California (University of California, Berkeley; San Diego Zoo) are presented. Approximately 10 years of data from each facility reveal that langur monkey females reach reproductive maturity between 3 and 5 years and have median birth intervals, following the birth of a live infant that survives beyond 9 months, of approximately 15.5 months. Births are not seasonal at either facility and pregnancy failure rates at UCB are approximately 30%. Mortality of subadults was highest during the neonatal period (<30 days), and probability of Sarvivorship at 5 years is between .41 and .50. Observed differences and similarities in patterns of reproduction and mortality between the two colonies and field populations are discussed.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA 14‐month study of 30 adult female members of a captive group of sooty mangabeys investigated their affiliative interactions with group members of varying age and sex. The adult females preferentially affiliated with other adults and interacted less than expected with immature group members. Dyadic frequencies suggested especially frequent affiliation with the three resident adult males, although the pattern of interaction with each male was distinct and apparently was related to age and dominance status of the males. Females of the alpha matriline showed significantly greater affiliation with the males than did those of other matrilines, but this preference was not reciprocated by the males. A preference for grooming older group members (some of the matriarchs and the oldest adult male) was also suggested. In consideration of the taxonomic distinctness of the sooty mangabey from the gray‐cheeked mangabey, comparison of these results with those available foralbigenawere made. Few differences were apparent. Comparisons with the affiliative behavior ofPapiofemales also suggested limited differences, despite the apparently isolated position of the sooty mangabey within the tribe Papion

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA new technique has been developed for estimating age in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that is based on mandibular measurements and has several advantages over presently available techniques. First, the new technique is relatively quick and inexpensive because a single measurement or radiograph suffices to produce an age estimate. Second, mandibular growth represents a more continuous phenomenon than either epiphyseal union or dental eruption; therefore, age estimates may be made throughout the period of growth without significant gaps in the process. Finally, the new technique may be used on incomplete or even fragmentary skeletal material because it requires that only a portion of the mandible be preserved. The new technique produces age estimates with a prediction error of ±5.08 months in males and ±7.29 months in females. These errors are only slightly higher than those found previously for dental eruption or epiphyseal union dat

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFeedback lighting provides illumination primarily during the subjective night (i.e., the photosensitive portion of the circadian cycle) in response to a given behavior. This technique has previously been used to test the nonparametric model of entrainment in nocturnal rodents. In three species (Rattus norvegicus, Mesocricetus auratus, andMus musculus), the free‐running period of the locomotor activity rhythm was similar whether the animals were exposed to continuous light or discrete light pulses occurring essentially only during the subjective night (i.e., feedback lighting). In the current experiments, feedback lighting was presented to squirrel monkeys so that light fell predominately during the subjective night. Feedback lighting was linked to the drinking behavior in this diurnal primate so that when the animal drank, the lights went out. Despite this seemingly adverse predicament, the monkeys maintained regular circadian drinking rhythms. Furthermore, just as the period of the free‐running activity rhythms of nocturnal rodents exposed to continuous light or feedback lighting were similar, the period of the drinking rhythms of the squirrel monkeys in continuous light and feedback lighting were comparable (25.6 ± 0.1 and 25.9 ± 0.1 hours, respectively), despite a substantial decrease in the total amount of light exposure associated with feedback lighting. The free‐running period of monkeys exposed to continuous dark (24.5 ± 0.1 hours) was significantly shorter than either of the two lighting conditions (P<0.001). The results presented for the drinking rhythm were confirmed by an examination of the temperature and activity rhythms. Therefore, discrete light pulses given predominately during the subjective night are capable of simulating the effects of continuous light on the free‐running period of the circadian rhythms of a diurnal primate. The response of squirrel monkeys to feedback lighting thus lends further support for the model and suggests that the major entrainment mechanisms are similar in nocturnal rodents and diurna

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReproductive success in many mammals depends on synchrony between copulation and ovulation, which is insured by the phenomenon of heat in the female. Certain anthropoid primates including rhesus monkeys do not show heat but may copulate throughout the menstrual cycle, especially when pairs are isolated from conspecifics. In social groups, however, mating mostly occurs around midcycle. We wished to test the hypothesis that copulations are more closely linked to ovulation when males have simultaneous access to several females in different cycle phases. Artificial menstrual cycles were therefore induced by giving hormones to ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys observed in small social groups that each consisted of four females and one male. The cycles of two hormone‐treated femlab in each group were either made to synchronize or be offset by 7‐day increments so that the estradiol peak of one female occurred 7 days before, and 7 and 14 days after, the estradiol peak of the other. Radioimmunoassay of plasma samples (N = 224) confirmed the timing of the estradiol peaks. Results from eight unique male‐female groups (4 males, 8 females, 16 male‐female pairs, 718 tests) fully supported the hypothesis. Compared with synchronized cycles, the amplitudes of rhythmic changes in offset cycles were reduced for ejaculations made by males but greatly enhanced for ejaculations received by females. We propose that this socio‐hormonal integration of behavior in the group is highly adaptive and enhances the reproductive success of both males an

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of physical and chemical restraint on glucose clearance and insulin secretion were evaluated during intravenous glucose tolerance testing inMacaca nigra. Conscious monkeys placed in plexiglas cylindrical restraining devices (CRD) appeared relaxed, but glucose clearance and insulin secretion were impaired. A combination of midazolam with ketamine, compared to ketamine alone, did not cause detectable changes in the intravenous glucose tolerance tests; midazolam also reduced adverse reactions to ketamine and extended the duration of anesthesia. The cylindrical restraining device can be convenient for examining monkeys, but it is limited by its adverse affects on metabolic and hormonal measurements in intravenous glucose‐tolerance tests. Chemical restraint using ketamine with midazolam was more effective than ketamine alon

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractImmunity declines with advancing age. Lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, and antibody response to tetanus toxoid vaccination were evaluated in cohorts of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) aged 2–36 years in order to characterize senescent changes in immune function. The results were analyzed in accordance with host age. Lymphocyte proliferation was generally low in older monkeys, especially males. Lymphocytes from old male monkeys responded significantly less to test mitogens than did those of old female (P<.05) or young males and females (P<.01). Natural killer cell function was similarly decreased in old monkeys; however, for this function there was no apparent gender difference. Antibody response to tetanus vaccine was less in older monkeys but was also low in several of the younger moskeys. These data confirm our expectation that, like other mammalian species, the rhesus monkey shows a decline in immune function with age and demonstrate further that the changes are more marked in males. Rhesus monkeys, therefore, are suitable for the investigation of mechanisms of immune senescenc

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150212

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY