摘要:

AbstractThe lack of appropriate antibodies restricts the use of western blots in studies of nonhuman primate gonadotropins. We now present the evaluation of an alternative method that can be applied in situations in which antibody is limiting or nonexistent. The use of nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) sample buffer (Swack et al., 1987) retains a significant degree of α‐β subunit association, as determined by the western blot analysis of human and rhesus luteinizing hormone (LH; 33 and 36 kD, respectively). This observation was confirmed when eluates of gel slices were analyzed by specific gonadotropin immuno‐ and bioassays. The molecular weight of rhesus LH in pituitary protein was found to be 36 kD by bioassay and immunoassay. Similarly, the molecular weight of rhesus follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) did not differ between assay systems (36 kD). The analysis of chorionic gonadotropin (CG)/LH activity in gel eluates of pregnant rhesus and tamarin urinary protein revealed major activity at 43 kD, with lesser bands between 34 and 39 kD. Guanidine‐induced dissociation of gonadotropin subunits in pregnant rhesus urinary protein resulted in the disappearance of dimer at 43 and 36 kD and the appearance of 25 and 16 kD subunit peaks. This alternative to the western blot is not limited to SDS‐PAGE. Native gel electrophoresis (no SDS) showed that rhesus FSH possesses a greater negative charge than rheus LH (Rf = 0.49 vs. 0.35). Isoelectric focusing PAGE resolved distinct isoforms of rhesus LH and FSH (pl range 5.2–7.2 and 4.0–5.8, respectively). The electrophoretic analysis of nonhuman primate gonadotropins in impure protein samples will provide fundamental data on the comparative biochemistry of these hormones. Applications will be found in biomedical and

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of weekly injections of a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (GnRHa) ([N‐acetyl‐DβNal1‐D‐pCl‐Phe2‐D‐Phe3‐D‐Arg6‐Phe7‐Arg8D‐Ala10] NH2 GnRH) on pituitary and ovarian function were examined in the marmoset monkey,Callithrix jacchus. In experiment 1, five cyclic females were given weekly injections of vehicle (50% propylene glycol in saline) for 6 weeks followed by GnRHa for 20 weeks, animals receiving either 200 μg GnRHa/injection (n = 2) or 67 μg GnRHa/injection (n = 3) for 10 weeks, after which the treatment was reversed. Bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (Po) were measured in blood samples (0.2–0.4 ml) collected twice weekly until at least 8 weeks after the last GnRHa injection. GnRHa treatment, timed to begin in the midluteal phase, caused a rapid decline in LH and Po and luteal regression after a single injection (both doses). Po levels were consistently low (10 ng/ml) were, however, occasionally seen during 67 μg treatment, indicating incomplete ovarian suppression. Mean LH levels were significantly lower during GnRHa treatment compared with the period of vehicle injection (all animals 200 μg; three animals 67 μg), and there were significant differences in LH levels between GnRHa treatments (200 μg vs. 67 μg) in four animals. Four animals resumed normal ovarian cycles after the end of GnRHa treatment (15/16 days, three animals; 59 days, one animal); the fifth animal died of unknown causes 32 days after the last GnRHa injection. In a second experiment, pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH was tested 1 day after a single injection of vehicle or antagonist (200 or 67 μg). Measurement of bioactive LH indicated that pituitary response to 200 ng native GnRH was significantly suppressed in animals receiving the antagonist, the degree of suppression being dose related. A third experiment examined the effect of four weekly injections of 200 μg GnRHa on follicular size and granulosa cell responsiveness to human follicle‐stimulating hormone (hFSH) in vitro. Follicular development beyond 1 mm was inhibited by GnRHa treatment (preovulatory follicles normally 2‐4 mm) although granulosa cell responsiveness to FSH during 48 hr of culture was not impaired. These results suggest that the GnRHa‐induced suppression of follicular development and ovulation was mediated primarily by an inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion and not

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) typically give birth to twins, and infant care is shared by all group members. The potential benefits to callitrichids of having helpers were investigated in a study of 21 captive cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) infants, living in groups with two to 12 older members. Time carried and suckled and amount of food received from other family members were recorded for each infant during the first 12 weeks of life. The results showed that infants in larger groups were carried more and received more food than those in smaller groups. Twin infants in larger families were less likely to be on the same carrier. Singleton infants were carried more than twins but did not receive more food. On average, individual caretakers in larger groups carried less and shared less food with infants than those in smaller groups. When parental contributions to care were analyzed, no effects of group size were found on mothers' contributions to carrying or food sharing, but fathers in larger groups both carried infants less and shared less food with them. There appear to be several benefits of a communal rearing system to cotton‐top tamarins. 1) Infants may receive more care in larger families, thus increasing their chances of survival. 2) The burden of care is spread over several animals, reducing the costs to a given individual. 3) The parents, particularly fathers, may benefit most from reducing the costs of investing in the present litter and increasing their ability to invest in future litt

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLateral preferences in food reaching and whole‐body turning were assessed in 24 prosimian primates: 16 galagos (Galago moholi) and 8 mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Reach and turn preference in the galago were examined using a single testing procedure; separate procedures were used to evaluate reach and turn preferences in the mouse lemur. The motoric requirements for both species were 1) reach into a Plexiglas container with a single hand for a food item and 2) execution of a whole‐body rotation about the long axis of the body. Twenty‐three of the subjects tested had a reach preference (15 right, 8 left preferent) and 22 a turn preference (1 right and 21 left preferent). No correlation between the direction of reach and turn preference was found for either species; however an association between right reach preference and female gender was found for the galagos. A species difference in the strength of lateralization was found, with the more bipedal species, the galago, more strongly lateralized in both measures. This result supports the hypothesis that the assumption of upright posture was an important factor in the phylogenetic development of primate lateraliz

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDescriptions of social organization based on interactions are difficult for fission‐fusion primates, such as pygmy chimpanzees, as interactions may depend on association in parties. Frequencies of male‐male and male‐female affiliative and female‐male and female‐female aggressive interactions among Lomako pygmy chimpanzees occurred in proportion to the presence of each sex in parties. Male‐male aggression and female‐male affiliation, however, were more frequent than expected on the basis of party membership. Females with small swellings received more grooming and less mating than expected. Patterns of interactions at Lomako also varied with party size. Female‐female affiliation predominated in small parties, while male‐female affiliation predominated in larger parties. This trend parallels observed differences between the Lomako and Wamba study sites. Male‐female affiliation is more frequent at Wamba where party sizes are larger. Differences between study sites may also reflect provisioning, habituation, predator threat, and habitat. Provisioning at Wamba may result in higher frequencies of aggression among males and lower levels of aggression among females. Comparison between earlier and later Lomako studies suggests that increased habituation is associated with greater differences from, rather than more similarity to, results from Wamba. Differences between Lomako and Wamba in habitat, provisioning, and human (but not non‐human) predation, by affecting party size and composition, most likely account for the observed differences in social organization

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData from 250 hours of focal animal sampling in the Lomako Forest of central Zaire show pygmy chimpanzees spent 70% of feeding time on fruit and 25% on young leaves. Feeding and resting each accounted for about 40% and traveling less than 20% of the time. Sitting was the most frequent feeding posture. Locomotion was predominantly quadrupedal walking and quadrumanous climbing. Most feeding and resting occurred above 30 m. Pygmy chimpanzees spent most time in primary forest. Activity budgets varied with forest type. Most levels were used in each forest type. Pygmy chimpanzees spent most time in the canopy when in primary and slope (Bolafa) forests, and on the ground in secondary forest. These results show pygmy chimpanzees as arboreal, but habituation may have influenced the results. Pygmy chimpanzees at Lomako and Wamba have similar diets, despite differences in methods of data collection. At Wamba and Lomako, pygmy chimpanzees use secondary forest more and swamp forest less than expected given the abundance of each forest type at both sites.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY