摘要:

AbstractEstimates were made of the tooth wear and the number of cementum annuli on lower first molars ofMacaca mulattaof known age that had lived on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. It is demonstrated that both these measurements are significantly correlated with age. Neither measurement by itself, however, strongly enough corrected with age to provide a reliable guide to the true age of individuals older than about 14 years, although cementum annulus counts clearly provide a more reliable guide to age determination than does wear. A combination of tooth wear and annulus number is a somewhat better predictor of age, with a multiple regression explaining 19% of the overall variance in age. As has been reported previously in tropical ungulates, there is more than one cementum annulus per year deposited on the M1Sof our sample. Comparison with rainfall data indicates that the number of dry intervals in the animal's life corresponds on a one‐to‐one basis with the number of annuli. It is hypothesized that such dry intervals cause nutritional stress, which in turn is reflected in periods of arrested or slowed growth in the tooth cementum. Also, more annuli are formed per year on the teeth of males than those of females. Stress engendered by intermale competition may play a role in this phenome

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDental eruption schedules previously used to age wild baboons have in the past derived from studies of captive animals housed under standard conditions and fed standard laboratory diets. This paper reports for the first time eruption schedules derived from wild baboons, the yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, and compares these schedules with those of other baboon subspecies inhabiting both similar and dissimilar environments. Eighteen males and twelve females from the Viramba groups, ranging in age from 21 to 103 months, were trapped, and dental impressions and notes were made of the state of eruption of each tooth. Eruption of all teeth were delayed at Mikumi relative to the baboon standards derived from the captive animals at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas. Teeth of the canine‐premolar 3 complex and third molars were most delayed, erupting up to a year and a half later than their counterparts from captive animals. Comparison with data on hamadryas baboons from Erer‐Gota in Ethiopia revealed that both the hamadryas and yellow subspecies of baboons, with different genetic backgrounds and living under markedly different environmental conditions, followed the same schedule. This constancy of developmental schedules suggests that these Mikumi data may reasonably be used as standards for other wild baboon populations and that acceleration of dental maturation, as well us maturation of other somatic systems in captivity, is another manifestation of the short‐term adaptive plasticity of the baboon species as a

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData are presented on intergroup interactions between six groups ofMacaca sylvanusin the Ghomaran region of the Moroccan Rif mountains. Intergroup encounters (0.026/observation hour) were defined as two groups being near each other (<150 m). Encounters were further classified into: 1) neutral (indeterminate) encounters, in which very little intergroup interaction took place, with the exception of male monitoring (N = 7); 2) approach‐retreat encounters with intergroup displacement, in which, without any overt agonism, members of one group slowly approached another and caused it to retreat (N = 3); and 3) agonistic encounters with intergroup displacement (N = 3). These results are compared to the only other study of intergroup interactions in wild Barbary macaques, and it is concluded that 1) observations of intergroup unification and/or coordination of movement in Barbary macaques (“herding”) probably resulted from observer error, or if these phenomena do occur, they are rare throughout the range of this species; 2) approximately half of all intergroup encounters in both studies resulted in intergroup displacement and/or intergroup agonism, evidence of intergroup competition; and 3) current data on intergroup interactions in Barbary macaques conform to the predictions of Wrangham's model of mutually competitive female‐bonded, multimale

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResults of a long‐term field study on the ecology and social organization of two groups of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in Peru are reported. Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets provide insight into some of the proximate determinants of fission‐fusion social organization in this species and illustrate the different strategies used by males and females to gain access to critical resources. Longitudinal data on known individuals provide evidence for male natal philopatry and female emigration at sexual maturity in this population. Interbirth intervals are long (mean = 34.5 months) in comparison with most other primate species, and 5 of 15 infants seen within a few days of birth died or disappeared before they were a year old. Home ranges are large (150–250 ha) and fairly discrete; overlap with neighboring groups is on the order of 10–15%. Males and females differed substantially in their ranging patterns; females, particularly those with infants, restricted much of their ranging to a “core area” 20–33% the size of the total group range, whereas males ranged more evenly over the entire area occupied by the group. Daily path length varied over almost an order of magnitude from 465 m to 4,070 m, with a mean of 1977 m. Males spent more time traveling and less time feeding than most females. These results are compared with those obtained in previous studies ofAtelesand with similar data from other primate species to assess their implications for the evolution of fission‐fusion sociality in spider monkeys. The ecological factors responsible for the evolution of very similar social organizations in spider monkeys and chimpanzee

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEstradiol‐17β (E2), administered systemically to rhesus monkeys during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, induces atretic changes in the microenvironment of the dominant follicle (DF), which results in its demise. It has been proposed that this effect of E2represents a direct action at the ovarian level. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis, using local treatment with E2. After identification of the DF during laparoscopy on day 6 of the cycle, female monkeys were laparotomized and their ovaries exposed. Either corn oil (20 μl, controls) or E2 (100 μg ) in oil vehicle (experimentals) was injected into the ovary near the DF. In control animals, preovulatory release of gonadotropins and ovulation were normal in five of six animals, with cycle and luteal phase lengths of 27.8 ± 2.2 days and 14.6 ± 2.5 days, respectively (x̄ ± S.D.). Conversely, in only one of six animals in the experimental group did ovulation occur at the expected time (P<0.05). In the other five treated animals, E2induced atresia of the DF and significantly extended cycles (35.4 ± 5.4 days) without affecting luteal phase lengths (12.0 ± 1.4 days). Concentrations of estrogen in peripheral sera of some animals were increased transiently at 6 h after injection of E2but returned to normal by 12 h; this duration of estrogen exposure is far less than the 24 h required to induce atresia of the DF in previous studies. At 6 h after injection of E2, there was a statistical difference between controls and experimentals in concentrations of circulating estrogen; however, these changes were apparently not enough to alter pituitary secretion of follicle‐stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone. These data support the hypothesis that E2can induce atresia of the DF in rhesus monkeys by acting locally

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo identify an anesthetic regimen that produces more complete relaxation and analgesia than ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaset®) alone, a combination of ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight) and the hypnotic xylazine (Rompun®, 0.33 mg/kg) was evaluated. Since the desired experimental application required that the anesthetic not interfere with normal hormonal events during the menstrual cycle, this combination administered on day 6 of the cycle was tested to determine whether hormonal surges, incidence of ovulation, or cycle length would be altered relative to the use of ketamine alone. In five of six animals, ketamine plus xylazine had no effect on the occurrence of timely surges of estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), or follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), or on ovulation as determined by the presence of a corpus luteum at laparoscopy and normal serum concentrations of progesterone. There were no significant differences between the cycle during treatment and previous cycles in the same animal for length of the menstrual cycle (26.0 ± 2.3 [5] days; X̄ ± S.D. [n]or luteal phase (13.4 ± 2.4 [5] days). Likewise, these values did not differ from those of ten control monkeys treated with ketumine only on day 5 or 6 of the cycle (incidence of ovulation, 10/10; cycle length, 27.9 ± 1.8 [10]; luteal phase length, 15.1 ± 1.4 [10],P>0.05). Patterns of circulating progesterone were not altered by the addition of xylazine anesthesia. These findings indicate that xylazine, given in the midfollicular phase, did not alter ovulatory events or menstrual cycle characteristics in rhesus monkeys. Ketamine plus xylazine apparently provides anesthesia appropriate for la

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350150102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY