摘要:

AbstractNeonatal and birth weights of gibbons have mostly been reported for single individuals, and larger samples (n = 2–8) have apparently been published for only two species of gibbons (Hylobates larandH. syndactylus). In addition, a critical examination of the few published neonatal weights of gibbons shows that several of them should not be used. Neonatal weights are here defined as weights taken on infants up to seven days old, whereas birth weights include only those taken on the day of birth. This paper presents neonatal weights for six representative species of gibbons (H. lar, H. leucogenys, H. moloch, H. muelleri, H. pileatus, H. syndactylus) and some of their hybrids. Most of our data stem from surviving animals that were subsequently hand‐reared and include 80 infants, thus making the previously available dataset 5 times larger. Our neonatal weights fall roughly into three different classes: neonates of thelargroup (about 390 g, n = 27), theconcolorgroup (about 510 g, n = 7), and the siamang (about 540 g, n = 46). This grouping corresponds not only to taxonomic units within the hylobatids, but also to grouping of gibbons by adult body weight. No weight difference between males and females is evident in our sample, and hybrids of thelargroup do not appear to differ in weight from pure species. True birth weights (i.e., weights recorded on the day of birth) are available for only a few individuals. These weights are, on average, 7% higher than neonatal weights, but the difference is not statistically significant. Additional samples of neonatal weights suggest that infants that die on the day of birth weigh, on average, 17% less, twins weigh 29% less, and infants born by Cesarean section weigh 19% more than our reference sample of neonates. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe physiological mechanisms and acoustic principles underlying sound production in primates are important for analyzing and synthesizing primate vocalizations, for determining the range of calls that are physically producible, and for understanding primate communication in the broader comparative context of what is known about communication in other vertebrates. In this paper we discuss what is known about vocal production in nonhuman primates, relying heavily on models from speech and musical acoustics. We first describe the role of the lungs and larynx in generating the sound source, and then discuss the effects of the supralaryngeal vocal tract in modifying this source. We conclude that more research is needed to resolve several important questions about the acoustics of primate calls, including the nature of the vocal tract's contribution to call production. Nonetheless, enough is known to explore the implications of call acoustics for the evolution of primate communication. In particular, we discuss how anatomy and physiology may provide constraints resulting in “honest” acoustic indicators of body size. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSixteen multiparous Barbary macaque females with newborns were studied over a 16 month period within the context of their naturally formed group. Analysis of their social behavior revealed 1) triadic interactions involving focal females, their newborns, and other group members occurred mainly with other females; and 2) mothers with female newborns interacted mainly with females of their own matriline, while mothers with male newborns interacted mainly with nonmatriline females. Observed in two successive birth seasons, this pattern indicates that partners of maternal interactions chose each other according to the sex of the newborn.Measures of distance from the mother also reflected differences between infants of different sex. At about five months of age, female infants were observed close to their mothers significantly more often than males. This finding follows the pattern of a sex‐specific infant socialization process which integrates female infants into the network of their matrilines and male infants into the broader group. This sex‐specific integration pattern is interpreted as supporting female philopatry and male dispersal. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe evolution of life history traits is a topic of growing interest in primatology. Traits associated with fertility, such as age at menarche and age at first birth, have great significance for natural selection, and knowing the genetic basis of such demographic traits may improve our understanding of population dynamics. Knowledge of the heritability of reproductive traits may also have practical implications for the management of captive breeding colonies.A maximum likelihood method was used to estimate heritability of age at first birth for a sample of female olive baboons resident at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. Only animals born at the Foundation that were caged in mixed sex groups and that had previously given birth were included in the sample (n = 316). There were 117 independent individuals and 199 individuals in 35 pedigrees composed of 2 to 26 members. Age at first birth ranged from 3.85 years to 13.11 years.Age at first birth is highly heritable (h2= 0.87) with no evidence for maternal effects or a dominance genetic component. This level of genetic variability in a fitness‐related trait is contrary to evolutionary expectation and may reflect the uniform environment of a captive breeding situation. Thus, the heritability observed in this population may be taken as an upper bound for that in natural populations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDominance relations among adult females in the Katsuyama group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) were analyzed. Dominance relations among female relatives of 6 or more years of age corresponded almost exactly to those predicted by Kawamura's principles [Primates, 1:149–156, 1958] in the four highest‐ranking kin‐groups. According to these principles, 1) a mother is dominant to her daughter and 2) among sisters, the younger is dominant to the older. However, 9 of the remaining 11 middle‐and low‐ranking kin‐groups included dyads in which dominance relations did not correspond to those expected from Kawamura's principles. Within the dominance rank order, of all 74 adult females of 6 or more years of age, individuals of the high‐ranking kin‐groups always ranked adjacent to members of their own kin‐group, while individuals in middle‐ and low‐ranking kin‐groups tended to be ranked independently of members of their own kin‐groups. These results indicate that, since females of a high‐ranking kin‐group form a cohesive matrilineal unit, it may be very difficult for females of other kin‐groups to break into the dominance rank order that exists among females of the high‐ranking k

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFive species of Sulawesi macaques were exposed to pictures of macaques, including all seven species living in Sulawesi island, Indonesia. The subjects were either pets or monkeys kept at the zoo. The duration of visual fixation to the pictures was in general longer for pictures of the subject's own species than those of the others. Such visual preference was in general clearer in males than in females. This suggests that Sulawesi macaques discriminate closely related species visually and the sharpness of this discrimination might be related to the sex. This visual preference may be considered as one of the possible factors to suppress general intergradation among Sulawesi macaques. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUse of drinking tools by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and the context in which the tools were used were studied at Bossou, Republic of Guinea, West Africa. During the middle to late dry season and early wet season liquids are available occasionally in the holes of trees. Chimpanzees drank water or sap using a leaf (or fiber) as a sponge or spoon. When the chimpanzees were on the ground, they tended to use one of a few kinds of soft, hairless leaves, if they were available nearby. Females, particularly juveniles and adolescents, were thought to be the main users of the drinking tool. In a few episodes, a tool set was used to procure liquid. Once a chimpanzee used a stick to push a leaf sponge into a water hole and to pull it out from the hole. In addition, three chimpanzees used a pestle to squeeze sap from an oil‐palm tree before using a fiber sponge. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY