摘要:

AbstractThe behavior of eight adult male marmosets that were bilaterally castrated during neonatal life (postnatal days 1–7), a single unilaterally castrated male, and eight age‐matched intact adult males was observed during encounter tests with unfamiliar conspecifics. When neonatally castrated (NC) males encountered ovariectomized, estradiol‐treated females, both partners were intensely aggressive and 66% of tests were terminated to avoid injuries. No mounts occurred, and females exhibited little or no sexual initiating behavior (proceptivity) towards NC males. By contrast, encounters between NC males and intact adult males were characterized by low levels of aggression and no tests were terminated. Intact males frequently mounted NC males. However, NC males initiated only 4% of these mounts by intact males and they refused or terminated 67% of mount attempts and mounts by intact males. The age‐matched intact adult males provided data which differed markedly from those obtained using NC males. The intact males were highly aggressive during encounters with other intact males, whereas they mounted and ejaculated when paired with females. The single male which had been unilaterally castrated in infancy provided similar results to the intact males. These experiments indicate that neonatal castration has profound effects upon the development of sexual and aggressive behavior in male marmosets. However, the stimulus qualities as well as the behavior of males are altered by neonatal castration, so that unfamiliar conspecifics react towards them as females during paired encounters. This finding complicates the interpretation of effects of neonatal castration upon development of sexually dimorphic behavioral patterns in male marmosets. Behavioral effects of castration later in postnatal development romain to be determined. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReproductive suppression of females is found throughout the Callitrichids. However, in many species some evidence of ovarian activity is observed in subordinate females. Subordinate cotton‐top tamarin females in our colony have never been observed to ovulate in the presence of a reproductive female. However, ovarian follicular development does occur, and measurable levels of urinary estrogen and luteinizing hormone are frequently found in subordinate females. We studied 11 female tamarins living in family groups with a reproductive female. Each of the 8 eldest daughters had measurable urinary estrogen and LH levels and showed a reduction of hormonal levels when new infants were born. The 3 younger daughters showed barely detectable hormonal levels that did not change. Following the birth of infants the eldest daughters scent marked less frequently, increased time in contact with and grooming group members other than the mother, but they were more often targets of aggression than immediately prior to infant births. The eldest daughters were somewhat less involved in care of new infants than expected, although they spent much time in proximity to those carrying the infants. These results suggest that the further reduction of hormonal levels in subordinate females after the birth of infants may function to prevent these females from competing with mothers during the post‐partum estrus rather than recruiting the eldest daughters as helpers for infant care. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe subspecies of saddle‐back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) are known to be chromatically and morphologically diverse but little is known of the genetic basis for the observed morphological variation. The morphology of first generation subspecific hybrids can be compared to that of the parental subspecies to provide information on the extent and nature of genetic differences in morphology between subspecies. We compare two groups of saddle‐back tamarin hybrids (S. f. illigeri×S. f. lagonotusandS. f. illigeri×S. f. leucogenys) to pure‐bred members of their parental subspecies. These crosses were examined for heterosis, caused by allele frequency differences between the subspecies in combination with directional dominance.Thirty‐nine craniofacial measurements were derived from three‐dimensional coordinates of landmarks on 355 adult tamarin skulls. These measurements were corrected for sex differences and differences due to environment (wild‐derived vs. laboratory‐born) prior to analysis of hybridity. Sex differences were minimal for these traits. Environment had a more significant effect on craniofacial morphology. Laboratory environments produce larger faces but smaller orbits, anterior cranial vaults, and cranial bases.Significant heterosis was found for many individual traits and for the first principal component representing size and size‐related shape measurements in theS. f. illigeri×S. f. lagonotuscross. The smaller samples involved in theS. f. illigeri×S. f. leucogenyscross led to a much lower number of statistically significant results, although most traits did display heterosis. Heterosis for craniofacial size was nearly statistically significant. These results suggest that there are large differences in allele frequencies among these subspecies of saddle‐back tamarin for genes affecting craniofacial morphology. Based on these data we suggest that these subspecies are likely to be independent, largely isolated, evolutionary units.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData on social interactions with matrilineal kin were collected from two groups of rhesus monkeys for 6 years. All behavioral states, including time within one meter of another, involved kin more often than would be expected by chance. Significant associations were also found between kinship and the frequencies of various forms of agonistic as well as affiliative acts. Frequency of social interaction, however, was not a simple function of time in proximity. Although animals spent more time with kin than nonkin they had more aggressive interactions with kin. Moreover, aggression was biased toward the more serious forms of expression in interactions with kin. Time spent in association was neither predictive of the rate of aggressive interaction nor reduced by high rates of aggressive interaction. Rather than association time influencing rates of interaction, association time may be the consequence of a history of aggressive and affiliative exchanges. Preferential association and high rates of aggressive interaction with kin may be possible due to the existence of compensating social mechanisms nullifying the negative influence of specific aggressive encounters. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFive parous, cycling cotton‐top tamarin females were used to compare circulating and urinary profiles of the major reproductive hormones during the ovarian cycle. Blood samples were collected on unanesthetized, hand restrained females three times per week for 25 days and first morning void urine was collected daily for 30–40 days including the serum sampling period. Serum and urine samples were analyzed for estrone, estradiol, and bioactive LH. Additionally, serum was analyzed for progesterone and urine for estrone conjugates (E1G) and immunoreactive LH. Both serum and urinary hormonal profiles revealed ovarian cyclicity in four females; the fifth one stopped cycling during the study. All hormones were referenced to the urinary immunoreactive LH peak. Urinary estrone conjugates followed similar profiles to serum progesterone. Progesterone levels increased two‐ to threefold on the day of the urinary immunoreactive LH peak. Peak levels of circulating bioactive LH occurred on the same day or the day preceding the urinary bioactive and immunoreactive LH peak for all four cycling females. Serum estradiol levels rose during the follicular phase and peaked prior to or on the day of the urinary LH peak while urinary estradiol levels did not rise until the day of the urinary LH peak. Serum and urinary estrone levels did not rise until the day of the urinary LH peak and remained high throughout the luteal phase. The measurement of urinary LH corresponded well with serum LH, establishing urinary LH as an important hormone for monitoring the ovulation in the tamarin. The highest circulating estradiol concentrations were found in the follicular phase of the cycle, but estradiol did not appear in urine during the follicular phase of the cycle. Elevated estrone levels occur during the luteal phase following the progesterone pattern, and therefore elevated urinary concentrations of estrone and estrone conjugates may be indicative of luteal function. © 1993 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhee calls were recorded from five captive common marmosets on three occasions. An initial recording session was followed by further sessions 1–12 days later, and finally, 12 months after the initial sample. Sonograms from the first recordings were measured using one duration and five frequency parameters, and significant differences between individuals were found for all six parameters. Discriminant function analysis was then applied to classify each call to a particular individual, witn a resulting classification accuracy of 97.27%. Analysis of the second and third recordings demonstrated accurate classification to the same caller using the measurements obtained from the initial sample. The accuracy remained high despite intra‐individual differences in acoustic structure among the three recording periods. Such differences may well reflect proximate changes in the underlying arousal state of the caller. Stability over time in the vocal signature of the phee call supports the view that this vocalization may be important in signalling individual identity over long distances, in a habitat where visual contact is limited. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFrom February 1988 though June 1990, 475 adult long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were released on Tinjil Island to establish a breeding program that will provide monkeys for biomedical research while contributing to Indonesia's primate conservation efforts. A survey was conducted during the summer of 1990 to assess the status of the island's population. Basic demographic data were consistent with those from other field studies of long‐tailed macaques, and estimates of reproductivity suggest a successful breeding program. The facility established on Tinjil Island should serve as a useful model for future primate resource and conservation programs. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350310101

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY