ISSN:0014-2972    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1971.tb00629.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLittle is known about the physical state, intestinal solubilization, absorption and bioavailability of chenodeoxycholic acid used in the medical treatment of gallstones. Therefore the concentrations of unconjugated chenodeoxycholic acid were measured in the supernatant and precipitate phases of intestinal contents aspirated from stomach, duodenum and jejunum of nine control subjects who took 500 mg chenodeoxycholic acid (4 times 125 mg gelatin‐coated capsules) either fasting or together with a standard liquid meal. Chenodeoxycholic acid solubility was markedly influenced by luminal pH but was little affected by endogenous conjugated bile acids when their concentrations were>1–2 mmol/1.Systemic bioavailability of 250, 500 and 750 doses of chenodeoxycholic acid was measured in five subjects by comparing areas under 4 h serum concentration‐time curves after giving the bile acid first as a bolus intraduodenal aqueous infusion of3H‐labelled chenodeoxycholic acid containing either14C‐polyethylene glycol or bromsulphthalein as non‐absorbable markers, and then as gelatin‐coated capsules by mouth.Absorption was assessed by measuring the ratio of marker: bile acid in intestinal contents aspirated for 2 h from sites 60 and 120 cm distal to the duodenal infusion port and in three subjects quantitative recovery of marker was measured proximal to an occluding intestinal balloon. Absorption of duodenally‐infused chenodeoxycholic acid was 96–99% complete and bioavailability was complete with the 250 and 500 mg doses but fell to 81% wit

ISSN:0014-2972    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1971.tb00630.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWith the aim of preventing postmenopausal bone loss, a placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial of 2 years duration was performed. We randomized 315 healthy volunteers in their early natural menopause to seven treatment and three placebo groups: 17β‐oestra‐diol, oestriol and sequential norethisteron (hormones); bendroflumethiazide 5 mg/day (thiazide); hormones and thiazide; sodium fluoride 20 mg/day; vitamin D3 2000 IU/day (D3); fluoride and D3; and lα (OH) vitamin D3 0–25 μg/day (lαD3). All participants were given daily calcium supplement of 500 mg. Every 3 months we measured the bone mineral content (BMC) of both forearms by photon absorptiometry and chemical quantities in blood and 48 h urinary collections. The study was completed by 264 (84%).The combined placebo groups snowed a linear fall in BMC reaching 3–3 % after 2 years (P<0–001). Hormones and hormones and thiazide led to a 2–5% gain in BMC (P<001). Thiazide alone postponed the BMC fall for 6 months. After 2 years the thiazide group showed a BMC fall of 1–5% (P<0–05), less than that of the placebo group (P<0–05). BMC declined by 3–6%, 4–5%, 3–7% and 3–7% during the respective use of fluoride, D3, fluoride and D3and lαD3. Nevertheless, the urinary calcium excretion during lαD3and D3treatment was 1–1–5 mmol/day higher than in the placebo groups.Apparently, there is no real alternative to oestro‐gen/gestagen in the

ISSN:0014-2972    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1971.tb00631.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe studies were carried out on thirty‐one sportsmen, cyclists aged 21–28 years, after the termination of a training course just before the start of their season. They exercised on a bicycle ergometer according to the following schedule: 30 N at 60 rev/min for 6 min, 40 N at 70 rev/min for 5 min, 50 N at 80 rev/min for 5 min and 50 N at 90 rev/min until exhaustion. According to the level of training the subjects were divided into three groups. In the three groups of cyclists were determined the concentrations of total plasma peptides and their individual fractions obtained by gel‐filtration on Sephadex G‐10.It was found that the total plasma peptide concentration varied with the level of fitness. The lowest plasma peptide concentration was observed in cyclists with the lowest level of fitness and it differed from those observed in cyclists with intermediary and high levels of fitness. After exercise the biggest increase in plasma peptide concentration was found in the cyclists with the low level of fitness, and the lowest one in those with the high level of fitness.Individual plasma peptide fractions also revealed differences before and after exercise depending on the level of

ISSN:0014-2972    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1971.tb00632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo differentiate between extrarenal and renal causes of hyperuricaemia and gout, clearances of urate and creatinine were monitored for 31/2 days in fifty‐two individuals (seven with a history of gout) with no gross impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance 52–137 ml/min). Dietary purine intake was kept constant. Monophasic circadian fluctuations of fractional urate excretion (= urate clearance over creatinine clearance) were observed with peak values in the afternoon, about 50% higher than during the night. Circadian fluctuations of urinary flow rate were almost identical. However, enhancement of urinary flow rate due to water diuresis had no effect on urate clearance. Despite wide variation of plasma urate concentrations among different individuals (±30% SD), daily urate excretion varied little (± 4% SD) and did not correlate with plasma urate (r= 0–03). Thus extrarenal factors appear not to account for the occurrence of hyperuricaemia in these patients. In contrast, a clearcut negative correlation was apparent between plasma urate concentration and fractional urate clearance (r= ‐0 72), which could fully account for the variations of plasma urate concentration. To elucidate further the mechanism responsible for antiuricosuria in hyperuricaemic patients, the effects of the uricosuric agents benzbromarone and probenecid were tested. A clearcut correlation was apparent between control fractional urate excretion and uricosuric effect of both benzbromarone and probenecid (r= 0–83 and 0–88, respectively), suggesting that anti‐uricosuria was due to defective secretion. In an additional series, the uricosuric effect of probenecid was tested in ten patients with renal insufficiency. In these patients the uricosuric effect was clearly blunted, indicating that urate reab‐sorption is reduced in re

ISSN:0014-2972    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1971.tb00633.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe turnover of β2‐microglobulin, the common subunit of the HLA antigens, has been examined in normal subjects and in some patients with kidney disorders, multiple myeloma and rheumatoid arthritis. All patients displayed elevated serum levels of β2‐microglobulin. The plasma disappearance curve of125I‐β2‐microglobulin demonstrated that the protein has a rapid turnover (11/2 = 21 h; range 1 1–2–8 h) in normal persons and in patients with a normal glomerular filtration rate. In patients with kidney disorders the impaired renal filtration prolonged the turnover time and led to elevated serum levels of β2‐microglobulin.Simultaneous measurements of125‐β2‐microglobulin in serum and urine allowed estimations of the β2‐microglobulin net reabsorption in the renal tubuli. Two patients with renal disease reabsorbed 84% and 89%, respectively, of the β2‐microglobulin filtered in the glomeruli. In normal persons the net reabsorption is close to 100%.In patients with normal kidney function increased serum levels of β2‐microglobulin seem to be due to an increased synthetic rate of the protein as the elimination rate is normal. HLA antigen heavy chains in serum are present in smaller amounts than β2‐microglobulin. The present data, therefore, suggest an imba

ISSN:0014-2972    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1971.tb00634.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere have been previous reports on an increased oxidative capacity in muscle tissue from the diseased legs of patients with intermittent claudication. The present study was designed to correlate metabolic and morphological data and to investigate whether the metabolic adaptive changes in muscle tissue of claudicating legs were also reflected in morphological variables such as capillary supply, fibre type distribution, and fibre area. The activity of cytochro‐me‐c‐oxidase in gastrocnemius muscle was determined and the insulin and glucose uptakes were measured across the leg in the basal state and 10 min following intravenous administration of 25 g glucose. The finding of a reduced relative number of Type II B fibres and a reduced ratio Type II B/II A fibre area, as well as an increased capillary supply to Type II A, indicated that the most extensive morphologic changes in muscle tissue of claudicating legs had occurred in Type II fibres. The increased number of capillaries in contact with Type IIA fibres in muscle tissue from claudicating legs, compared with muscle tissue from control legs, suggested that the most apparent metabolic changes occurred in this fibre type in the adaptation process of these patients. The more pronounced morphologic and metabolic changes in Type II fibres suggest that these fibres are more intensely activated than Type I fibres during physical activity in claudicating legs. The insulin uptake correlated positively with the number of capillaries per fibre, suggesting that the endothelial surface area is one of the determining factors for insulin uptake. The percentage of Type II B fibres reflected to a certain extent the metabolic adaptation in muscle t

ISSN:0014-2972    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1971.tb00635.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY