ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110403

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110404

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110405

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110406

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere has been a great deal of investment in development of design criteria and design and construction of heavily reinforced, blast‐resistant control rooms. This remains the best option for protective construction against severe blast loading experienced close in to a vapor cloud or other explosion hazard. However, most structures encountered at chemical plants and contemplated for future construction are conventional steel frame, metal clad buildings. In this paper we look closely at the response of such buildings to explosion loads and their ability to undergo large deformations without structural failure. The types of structural elements evaluated include metal decking of various gauge and shape along with a variety of girt and purlin sections. Building frames or bents are also evaluated, although the date base for these is much more limited. The work is based on observations made during investigations of large explosion accidents along with analytical predictions and test measurements. To conclude, we offer specific design criteria and connection recommendations for enhancing the overall strength of a building through the use of conventional components in unconventional constructio

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110407

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLe Chatelier's Rule is in wide use for predicting the flammability of mixtures with multiple fuels present. The rule does not conveniently handle multiple inerts or elevated temperatures and pressures. This paper describes an alternate method, developed at Air Products, called FLAMCHEKTM, which conveniently handles these variables. This method for predicting flammability is based upon the commonality of the adiabatic flame temperature of a wide variety of fuels at their upper and lower flammable limits. The method, if PC based, can be extended to automatically control the addition of inerts, fuels, or oxidizers in order to avoid flammable conditions. The concept may be extended to more involved applications, such as within an oil well with fuel gas mixtures containing oxygen. In this case, the location from which a gas sample is obtained for analysis (wellhead) may have a different fuel analysis and flammability condition than the location where an explosion is likely to initiate (bottom of well). Hence a correction of the fuels analysis is required.

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110408

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper offers an overview of the concept of acceptable risk. Variations in the definition of risk are addressed as well as criteria for measuring and evaluating risk. Risk acceptance depends on many factors, some of which are highlighted. The myth of zero risk is addressed with relevant examples such as dioxin and the U.S. space program. Practical applications of acceptable risk concepts are discussed, featuring the RISK MATRIX from system safety MIL‐STD‐882. Some sample guidelines and benchmarks are offe

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110409

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe CHETAH program has proven to be of great utility in the assessment of reactive chemicals hazards associated with the development of new chemicals and chemical processes. At the Dow Chemical Company, the most frequent use of the program is for the estimation of heats of reaction. Reaction heats are often the single most important parameter in reactive chemicals evaluation since most “worst case” scenarios involve the instantaneous liberation of the reaction energy. Another common use of the program is using CHETAH's unique capability to predict the “explosive” behavior of a material or mixture solely from a knowledge of its molecular structure. Several examples of day‐to‐day use of the program are presented. Current development activity in the ASTM subcommittee which supports CHETAH are discussed. These include new hazard evaluation criteria, better thermodynamic property estimation techniques, and user friendly versions of

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110410

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe behavior of an open system is modeled. Thus, for special cases, the void fraction is predicted as a function of location and time. The open system may be an open vessel or a vessel with an open relief device. A single governing equation is derived based on combining the material and energy balances with the churn‐turbulent drift flux relationship and assuming no radial gradients. This partial differential equation is not solved. It is, however, bounded by homogeneous and all vapor venting. These special cases are solved. In homogeneous venting the key variable is time. In all vapor venting under pseudo‐steady‐state conditions the key variable is location. The solution of the partial differential equation is also discussed.Under pseudo‐steady‐state and churn‐turbulent conditions, the open system is modeled. The minimum void fractions (corresponding to a maximum liquid inventory) with all vapor venting, for vertical, horizontal, and spherical vessels are predicted and compared. Analytical expressions for the local and average void fractions in a vertical vessel and non‐unity distribution parameters are presented. Void fraction profiles are compared for three cases: 1. vertical cylinders with distribution parameters (Co values) of unity and 1.5, 2. horizontal and vertical cylinders with varying L/D ratios, and 3. spheres with inscribed vertical cylinders having constant gas production to bubble rise ratio (Ψ′ value). The vertical cylinder average void fraction for non‐unity distribution parameters can now be calculated analytically. The horizontal cylinder average void fraction predicted by turning it upright results in an over prediction of at most 4%. The sphere average void fraction predicted via an inscribed vertical cylinder, with the same Ψ′ value, is consisten

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110411

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reduction of risks associated with chemical processing operations is essential for the safe operation of chemical plants. The reduction of these risks is accomplished through a comprehensive process safety management program. Key elements of this program include Hazard and Operability Studies, Emergency Relief Venting, Process Automation, Management of Change Control Procedures, Process Specific Training, and so forth. Central to many of these elements is a thorough, in‐depth understanding of the reactive nature of chemical processing operations. This understanding can only be obtained through intensive laboratory evalutions using “leading edge” process safety testing technologies. To accomplish this goal, a systematic process safety testing program has been established aimed at characterizing the reactive nature of both the desired and undesired chemistry. The information obtained is directly applicable to the development of intrinsically safe processes and for the safe design/operation of chemical processing facil

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720110412

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY