ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090202

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090203

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to obtain data on explosive limits for ethylene oxide (EtO) in nitrogen beyond the published data range. Tests were conducted at temperatures from 60°‐190°C and pressures in the range 10 to 80 psig. Initial measurements showed that the limits for the EtO/N2system are unusually dependent on the details of the ignition source. Hot wire ignition gave very erratic responses. Induction coil sparks were not satisfactory due to inadequate energy and uncertain gap breakdown at elevated pressure. However, high‐energy capacitive discharge across an exploding bridge element tuned to the ignitive process gave responses that were reproducible and judged to be true and conservative. Graphite filament was used as the exploding bridge “wire” to avoid contamination of the test mixture. (Carbon is a product of EtO explosions.)The data from this study show the EtO explosive range becomes wider with increasing pressure at the low end of the temperature range examined than previously understood from literature data. At modest pressures, the directly‐measured limits at elevated temperature agree with extrapolations of earlier reported data. Because of the pressure nonlinearity, the system is deemed safer at 80 psig and high temperature than had been predicted from the linea

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090204

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSome initiating causes of ethylene oxide decomposition are examined. Experimental data are presented for thermal decomposition limits, autoignition temperature and minimum ignition energy. It is shown that flame propagation through liquid filled lines may occur via decomposition of a vapor pocket. Insulation fires are discussed in terms of a series of exothermic reactions initiated by low tempertaure formation of polyethylene glycols. Some case histories are reviewed.

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090205

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents the results of an industry survey that was sponsored by the Ethylene Oxide Industry Council (EOIC). The EOIC operates as a special program of the Chemical Manufacturers Association. The members of EOIC account for over 85 percent of domestic production of EtO and cover a broad range of EtO users, including ethoxylators and sterilizers. The survey was done to collect current information in anticipation of responding to a proposed OSHA rulemaking for a short‐term exposure limit for EtO. Specifically, the study was designed to collect information on the following:1.History of the establishment of company EtO exposure guidelines.2.Current EtO workplace exposure monitoring practices, capabilities and methods.3.Current workplace exposure levels: Eight hour and short‐term.4.Engineering control, respirator, and ancillary costs for compliance with the 1.0 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) and projected costs for compliance with a 5.0 ppm or 10.0 ppm Short–term Exposure Limit (

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090206

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the past industry has had to rely on a number of “rules of thumb” to provide a means of reasonable analysis for many design, operation, safety and similar issues. The lack of readily available computing facilities made the use of “rules of thumb” a necessary part of doing business in the hydrocarbon processing industry. And these “rules of thumb” have proven useful and allowed many tasks to be accomplished successfully. Today, however, availability of mainframe computers or desktop computing facilities has provided a tool that has decreased the need to rely on “rules of thumb.” And in many cases processing improvements can only be accomplished by replacing “rules of thumb” with more rigorous analysis. In the ethylene oxide producing/consuming industry a widely‐used “rule of thumb” concerns the storage of ethylene oxide water solutions. A well‐publicized “rule” stated that solutions in excess of 1‐2 weight percent ethylene oxide in water should not be stored [1]. This “rule” is certainly valid in many situations. However, this guideline may be unnecessarily restrictive in other cases. The impact of several key process parameters impacts the amount of ethylene oxide in water than can be safely stored. This study will show that higher concentrations of ethylene oxide in water can be safely stored under the right circumstances. The study will also discuss the key variables that determine whether aqueous ethylene oxide solutions can be safely stored. Finally, a methodology used in determining how much ethylene oxide in water

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090207

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA decomposition limit equation applicable to liquid ethylene oxide storage conditions based on recently obtained data is presented. Comparison is made with a second correlation equation developed from literature data.Adjustment of predicted decomposition limits to produce recommended safe operating limits is discussed.

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090208

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGas sterilizers, using either pure ethylene oxide (EtO) or an admixture with an inert diluent, are typically utilized for treating products which cannot withstand heat sterilization. Due to the highly toxic nature of ethylene oxide and its classification as a suspect carcinogen, special precautions must be taken to ensure safe exposure levels to human receptors. This paper discusses the various engineering controls that can be implemented at EtO sterilization facilities to minimize ethylene oxide ambient concentrations and worker exposure levels.

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090209

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Process Industry has Corporate Safety Policies, codes of practice, skilled engineers and safety specialists and powerful techniques for Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control. Despite the above and a strong commitment to safety, accidents still occur. Many accidents appear to be due to “gaps” in the management systems rather than to failures of professional skills or to a lack of commitment. This paper will review the many stages in designing, constructing and operating a facility between the initial appraisal of a potential project and the final taking out of service of a facility. The “primary” and “secondary” safety checks will be described. The paper will give examples of gaps in management systems which have led to problems. Finally the paper will suggest ways in which these gaps can b

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090210

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ‘Safer Piping’ video training package was produced by the International Process Safety Group (IPSG) to meet the urgent need for training material to stem the ever–growing number of accidents directly caused by piping failures. The IPSG, then under the Chairmanship of Bob Mill, Exxon Chemical Corporation, identified piping as the single most important cause of concern in a process plant. The aim was to raise safety standards by changing people's attitudes to p

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720090211

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY