ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Animal models illustrate how viruses and host genetic factors may interact to cause immune‐mediated demyelination. Similar mechanisms may take place in at least some forms of multiple sclerosis, a disease that is histopathologically heterogeneous. No ‘multiple sclerosis virus’ has been found yet, although recent data on human herpesvirus‐6 antigens in multiple sclerosis brain warrant further investigation. Multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus, a recently described retroviral sequence isolated from multiple sclerosis material, is a member of the endogenous retrovirus‐9 family. The association between the expression of this virus associated retrovirus and multiple sclerosis is only tentative. Curr Opin Neurol 11:287–291. © 1998 Lippincott–Raven Publishers

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is of possible autoimmune origin. This article is divided into three parts, reviewing recent advances in three selected topics regarding the immunology of multiple sclerosis. The first part addresses the consequences of T cell and oligodendrocyte death in the inflammatory lesions. The second covers the recent experimental evidence favouring the involvement of infectious agents in the pathophysiology of central nervous system autoimmune diseases. The third part concerns the mode of action of interferon‐β in multiple sclerosis. These new advances have lead to a better understanding of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis and therefore open new therapeutic possibilities. Curr Opin Neurol 11:293–298. © 1998 Lippincott–Raven Publishers

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques acquire signal mainly from differences in relaxation properties and density of free water protons. Thus, the sensitivity in depicting lesions is high but pathological specificity is poor. Efforts are being made to increase the diagnostic power of MRI; better correlation with the clinical presentation and the use of better MRI criteria have increased the specificity of the conventional T2 sequences. New sequences, such as fast spin echo, turbo spin echo (TSE) or those derived from inversion recovery (fluid attenuated inversion recovery), have improved the detection of lesions. Acute phase monitoring focuses on changes in disease activity (new, recurring, enlarging, gadolinium‐enhancing lesions) and chronic phase monitoring allows appreciation of the burden of the disease. However, MRI is considered as a secondary outcome measure in phase III trials because of insufficient correlation with the clinical disability. There is a continuing search for techniques that correlate better with clinical measures of the disease, such as the quantification of ‘black holes’ on T1‐weighted images or the cerebral and spinal atrophy. The basic aspects of the pathological lesions in multiple sclerosis such as oedema, membrane disruption, demyelination, gliosis, cellular infiltration and axonal loss, can be studied more precisely by the new magnetic resonance techniques, which should better describe the actual clinical impact of the destructive process. In the past year the importance of axonal loss has simultaneously been confirmed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pathological findings. However, magnetization transfer imaging, magnetic resonance diffusion imaging and functional MRI are under intensive investigation for a better analysis of these different factors that impact on the reversibility of the patients disability. Curr Opin Neurol 11:299–303. © 1998 Lippincott–Raven Publishers

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The increased awareness of the impact and complexity of management of symptoms in multiple sclerosis has resulted in advances in the understanding of their mechanisms, and in improvements in their measurement and management. It has also highlighted the paucity of evidence‐based practice in this area and the need to develop agreed and comprehensive management strategies. Curr Opin Neurol 11:305–309. © 1998 Lippincott–Raven Publishers

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The highly complex and multiple mechanisms responsible for the development of demyelinating neuropathies are reviewed, in particular Guillain–Barré syndrome and its variant Miller Fisher syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein neuropathy, as well as experimental models. Recent investigations into the role of auto antibodies against myelin proteins, or glycolipids have given insights into the pathogenesis of demyelinating inflammatory neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 11:311–318. © 1998 Lippincott–Raven Publishers

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography have been used to measure receptor concentration and function through the use of a variety of radiotracers and data analysis techniques. Changes in presynaptic function and postsynaptic receptor concentration reflect both loss due to disease and compensatory responses. Curr Opin Neurol 11:327–333. © 1998 Lippincott–Raven Publishers

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Some basic aspects about free radicals as they relate to oxidative stress in neurodegeneration are summarized. Old and new experimental findings pertinent to oxidative damage in movement disorders are reviewed. Finally, the degree to which toxin‐induced and genetically engineered experimental models have been useful in delineating parts of the mechanisms involved in the cascade of events that lead to neuronal death is emphasized. Curr Opin Neurol 11:335–339. © 1998 Lippincott–Raven Publishers

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Since the first successful attempts in 1990, human embryonic tissue transplanation has attracted the attention of multiple investigators and clinicians as a serious candidate therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Although over two hundred patients have undergone the procedure, multiple issues and questions remain unresolved. We will address this topic emphasizing the recent advances in the technical aspects of the transplantation procedure in light of the limited animal and clinical experience available. Curr Opin Neurol 11:341–349. © 1998 Lippincott–Raven Publishers

ISSN:1350-7540    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID