ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Examples of research on ancient Indian stone artefacts utilizing petrographic examination coupled with qualitative and quantitative electron beam microprobe analysis of specific minerals are described. Types of artefacts discussed include Gandharan schist sculptures. Pala dynasty phyllite and schist objects from eastern India, Hoysala sculptures from Karnataka state (southern India), and sandstone objects from northern India. In spite of the rich history of stone sculpture in the Indian subcontinent, characterization studies to date have been limited in scope, typically involving unprovenanced artefacts. The examples described point to areas in which more extensive research could produce useful information for the provenancing of artefacts.

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Identifying the source area of white marbles has long been a problem in archaeology. To address this problem, about 1000 samples from known Classical quarrying areas in Greece, Italy and Turkey were analysed using cathodoluminescence. Twenty‐one cathodomicrofacies were recognized, each of which generally characterizes a given area. In cases where the cathodomicrofacies is common to more than one area, δ13C and δ18O signatures provide an effective complementary dataset which allows additional distinctions. Determination keys for the 21 cathodomicrofacies observed are proposed based upon their principal cathodoluminescence colour, and their stable isotopic signat

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two stable isotopic data bases for ∂13C and ∂18O values of marble have been accumulated: (1) 590 analyses from 42 Classical quarries of Greece, western Turkey, Tunisia, and Carrara, Italy, and (2) potential Early Bronze Age (EBA) marble sources in the central Cyclades, comprising 192 analyses from 16 sites on the islands of Paros, Naxos, Ios, and Keros. The data bases include the most important marble occurrences in the eastern Mediterranean and so can be used to source artefacts of any age. Neolithic artefacts found at Franchthi Cave, where no marble occurs locally, have been attributed to the Peloponnese and the Cyclades, direct evidence for early trade. In the Cycladic EBA, Naxos and Keros were the principal marble sources for the abundant artefacts found at Keros. The commercial marble trade in Archaic Greece began in the central Cyclades where the tradition apparently went back some 5000 years, to the Neolithic. Classical Greece and especially Rome expanded the number and locations of commercial marble sources throughout the Mediterran

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ancient Egyptian limestone quarries in the Nile Valley occur in six geological formations of Palaeogene age. Samples were collected from 23 of the 48 known quarries, and analysed by thin‐section petrography and X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results of the analyses show that the geological formations can be identified from rock texture and allochem types, and a plot of SiO2/Al2O3versus CaO/[CaO + MgO]. The application of these petrographic and geochemical parameters make it possible to determine the geographic provenance of limestone used in ancient Egyptian sculptures and monume

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thin‐section study of Mesolithic‐Neolithic axes from five sites in eastern central Sweden and of dolerites occurring in the vicinity showed that the axes were almost definitely produced from local material. Knapping experiments were carried out on blanks from two of these local dolerite varieties and on control material from Delaware, New Jersey, to produce thin‐butted axes. These showed that the unconventional shape of the Swedish preforms is mainly, if not completely, determined by the intrinsic properties of the rock and not by local or regional cultural differences or bad craftsmanship. A number of features were observed in thin‐section, such as a relatively coarse grain size, veining and small cracks, which may lead to the inferior knapping qualities of the Swedish do

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is concerned with the products of a number of Neolithic quarries in highland Britain. It investigates the claim that the scale of axe distribution was partly the result of social factors which resulted in these artefacts gaining an added value in areas remote from their sources. One case study considers the sequence of production in Cumbria, in relation to the tensile strength of the rock quarried in different parts of the region. It shows that these considerations had only a limited influence over the choice of stone source and the scale on which it was worked. A second study compares the tensile strength of the main raw materials used for making non‐flint axes with the extent to which these sources were actually exploited. Again there is only a limited relationship between the two, suggesting that social factors may indeed have been importan

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Opaque red glass was used in the Celtic world for enamels and inlays. Forty artefacts, of various dates and found in various places, have been sampled and studied. They all belong to the same type, a soda‐lime‐silica high lead glass coloured by crystals of cuprous oxide. There is only one subgroup: glass lumps from the Mont‐Beuvray oppidum contain manganese, less iron, and less lead. This change could be the result of Roman influence. Although most of these glasses form a surprisingly homogeneous group, no conclusions as to their origin can be inferred from our present know

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Chemical analyses were carried out on adipocere obtained from a bog body recovered from a peat bog at Meenybradden, County Donegal, Ireland. Chromatographic (thin‐layer chromatography and gas chromatography) and mass spectrometric analyses, combined with microanalytical chemical transformations, have yielded detailed compositional information. An absence of intact triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols indicates that hydrolysis is complete. Consequently the adipocere is composed mainly of fatty carboxylic acids. The high proportion of palmitic and stearic acids, together with depleted oleic acid content, indicates that extensive reduction and, possibly, β‐oxidation have occurred during burial in the peat bog. Hydration of the double‐bond in oleic acid has also occurred, as is shown by the formation of 10‐hydroxystearic acid. The monoenoic fatty carboxylic acids that are present, composed mainly of C18and C16compounds, comprise a mixture of positional isomers. The results are compared and contrasted with those obtained from previous studies of the lipid composition of other adipoceres and cadavers of archaeological

ISSN:0003-813X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00496.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY