摘要:

AbstractFor decades howler monkeys were considered to be among the most peaceful animals. Recent investigators, however, have noted that, although male aggression is rare, it may be extremely severe; the criteria used to quantify howler relationships should therefore be different from those used for other primates. This paper describes the pattern of male relationships in the red howler monkeyAlouatta seniculus, and examines its effect on reproductive success within the troop and the ability of troop males to resist intrusion by competing males. 4 of the 8 infants born during the study period were killed or disappeared when change occurred in relative status between two adult males.

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb01337.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe experiments reported in this paper are designed to investigate the features of insect prey that may influence the orientation of first attack in the European blackbird. Three types of stimulus cues are considered: motion, morphological characters, and color patterns. The ontogeny of prey‐handling techniques and the specific manipulatory activities involved in the breaking‐up of insect prey are dealt with. The role of learning in the development of preyattack behavior is demonstrated. This study deals only with the preparation of food for selffeed

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb01338.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract and SummaryIn the present work toads(Bufo bufo)are shown to respond with prey catching to stationary dummies without previous or accompanying visual or olfactory stimulation. The subjects very rarely showed jerky head movements which, therefore, cannot be necessary for perception of stationary objects. Size preference with respect to stationary stimuli is about the same as in experiments with moving stimuli. However, differences exist between the effects of stationary and moving stimuli with respect to shape and orientation. If a square measuring 10 times 10 mm and a rectangle measuring 5 times 20 mm, oriented either horizontally or vertically, are presented within the frontal‐vertical plane, the square is preferred to the rectangles, and among these the horizontal rectangle is to the vertical one. This latter preference is due to the negative effect of the vertical extension: If the vertical rectangle is reduced in length, it becomes more effective as compared to the horizontal rectangle. In the horizontal (X‐Z) plane the square and the rectangle oriented parallel to the Z‐axis are equally superior to the bar oriented parallel to the X‐axis. At presentation of a pair of stimuli in both planes, the one in the frontal‐vertical plane is always preferred to that in the horizontal plane.Correspondences and differences of these results to those from experiments with moving prey dummies are

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb01339.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRhopaloceran butterflies are well known to visit distinct species of flowers in order to extract nectar, normally leaving again after a short time to continue their foraging flights. Females ofAgapetes galathea, however, often show a different behaviour, which is the subject of the following analysis. The dynamics of sugar production by flowers and the foraging pattern of thegalathea‐♂♂ have been studied under natural conditions. Special consideration is given to the aggressive behaviour of the females towards approaching insects during their flower resting pe

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb01340.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies of the dominance hierarchy in red deer have mainly concentrated on the hierarchy among stags. This study aimed to investigate in detail the dominance hierarchy of a group of hinds and their offspring and to compare it between two feeding situations, one when the deer were browsing normally in a large area, and the other when they were competing for artificially provided food in a small area.

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb01341.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb01342.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Bücher/Books: Krebs, J. R., and N. B. Davies (1981): An introduction to behavioural ecology (Eine Einführung in die Verhaltensökologie).Alexander, R. McNeill (1982): Optima for animals (Optima für Tiere).Pontin, A. J. (1982:) Competition and coexistence of species (Wettstreit und Beisammenleben der Arten).Remmert, H. (1980): Arctic animal ecology (Ökologie der arktischen Tierwelt).Reimers, E., et al. eds. (1979): Proceedings of the 2nd Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Røros (Norway), 2 Vols.Cloudsley‐Thompson, J. L. (1980): Tooth and claw. Defensive strategies in the animal world (Zähne und Klauen.Czihak, G., H. Langer und H. Ziegler, eds. (1981): Biologie.Mohr, H. (1981): Biologische Erkenntnis. Ihre Entstehung und Bedeutung (Cognition in biology—its origin and sig

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb01343.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY