摘要:

AbstractSound signals of 9 species of rainforest tree squirrels were studied in the field and in captivity at Makokou, Gaboon. The signals can be classified into 7 behavioral categories: nestling ticking and isolation, distress, contact‐seeking, defensive, low intensity alarm, and high intensity alarm. On the basis of physical structure, sounds are further classified into 12 basic types and their variants. A given species has a repertoire of about 7 of these sound types. Review of the literature on sciurid calls suggests that most species emit sounds under the same set of behavioral contexts described for the African squirrels, and that many of the basic structural sound types are widespread within the same contexts throughout the group. In comparison to temperate squirrels, some calls of rainforest species show a lowering of frequency and increase in length. These features are apparently adaptations to the dense vegetation and high background noise of the rainforest environmen

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSocial attachment seems necessary for sexual imprinting. In mallards the likely period of social attachment is from hatching until the broods disperse. The potential imprinting objects are mother and siblings. Four combinations of mother‐sibling groups of same and different colour were used (N = 131). The groups were kept together from hatching until the young were 12 weeks old. When sexually mature, the birds' choices of mate were recorded. Colouration is an important cue in mate selection. Both mother and siblings are of importance. The effect of experimental factors cannot be attributed to any particular se

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdaptations are often spoken of as ‘for the good of’ some entity, but what is that entity? Groups and species are now rightly unfashionable, so what are we left with? The prevailing answer is Darwin's: ‘the individual’. Individuals clearly do not maximise their own survival so the concept of fitness had to be invented. If fitness is correctly defined in Hamilton's way as ‘inclusive fitness’ it ceases to matter whether we speak of individuals maximising their inclusive fitness or of genes maximising their survival. The two formulations are mutually inter‐translatable. Yet some serious mistranslations are quoted from the literature, which have led their authors into actual biological error. The present paper blames the prevailing concentration on the individual for these errors, and advocates a reversion to thereplicatoras the proper focus of evolutionary attention. A gene is an obvious replicator, but there are others, and the general properties of replicators are discussed. Defenders of the individual as the unit of selection often point to the unity and integration of the genome as expressed phenotypically. This paper ends by attacking even this assumption, not by a reductionist fragmentation of the phenotype, but, on the contrary, by extending it to include more than one individual. Replicators survive by virtue of their effects on the world, and these effects are not restricted to one individual body but constitute a wider ‘exte

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVocalizations between pairs of adult female “Gothic‐arch” squirrel monkeys were tape‐recorded, along with identification of the vocalizer and social context. The major purpose the study was to identify and describe acoustic characteristics of certain call types, and to attempt to correlate these characteristics with social context. The call type analyzed in this paper was the Twitter or Trill, an FM sound containing a limited set of repeated sound elements. Spectrographic analysis of these elements, or “syllables”, revealed that all Twitters were made up of a subset of the same 12 syllable types. Certain rules were identified which determine the sequential position of each syllable type in a Twitter. Syllable usage varied between individuals and with changes in soc

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractObservations were made on the behaviour of malePhilanthus bicinctus(Mickel) which defend territories around the nesting burrows of ♀♀. ♂♂ were individually identified with small number tags and focal‐animal samples were taken of the behaviour of these ♂♂. Intense interactions were observed between territorial ♂♂ and 1) conspecifics and 2) intruding insects which resembled conspecifics. Evidence is presented which suggests that ♂♂ scent m

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book Reviewed in this article:Baerends, G. P. (1976): The functional organization of behaviour (Die funktionelle Organisation des Verhaltens).Tolhurst, B. E., und M. A. Vince (1976): Sensitivity to odours in the embryo of the domestic fowl (Geruchsempfindlichkeit des Hühnchens im Ei).Carlson, A. D., J. Copeland, R. Raderman und A. G. M. Bulloch (1976): Role of interflash intervals in a firefly courtship(Photinus macdermotti)(Die Bedeutung der Abstände zwischen Lichtsignalen in der Balz des LeuchtkäfersPh. m.).Frick, J. (1976): Orientation and behaviour of hatchling Green Turtles(Chelonia mydas)in the sea (Orientierung und Verhalten frischgeschlüpfter Suppenschildkröten im Meer).Buchler, E. R. (1976): The use of echolocation by the Wandering Shrew(Sorex vagrans)(Echolot‐Orientierung bei der Wanderspitzmaus).Richer, J. (1976): The social‐avoidance behaviour of autistic children (Das Vermeiden von Sozialkontakt bei autistischen Kindern).Alvarez, F., L. A. de Reyna und M. Segura (1976): Experimental brood parasitism of the Magpie(Pica pica)(Künstlicher Brutparasitismus bei Elstern).Curio, E. (1975): The functional organization of anti‐predator behaviour in the Pied Flycatcher. A study of avian visual perception (Die funktionelle Organisation des Feindabwehrverhaltens beim Trauerschnäpper: Eine Untersuchung der visuellen Wahrnehmung von Vögeln)Curio, E. (1976): The Ethology of Predation (Die Ethologie des Beutemachens).Arndt, H. (1977): Lebensbilder aus der Tierwelt. Kilda‐Verlag, Greven.Schmidt, P. (1974): Das Reh. Sein Leben — sein Verhalten. Mit einem Vorwort von H.Doty, R. L.,ed.(1976): Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes, and Behavior (Geruchssinn, Fortpflanzung und Verhalten von Säugetieren).Ornstein, R. E. (1973): The Psychology of Consciousness (Psychologi

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01826.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY