摘要:

AbstractThe feeding of young by parents was observed in three color‐banded families of wild Mexican jays. The development of indiscriminate feeding of each other's young by the parents began well before the young left the nest. These observations suggest that reciprocal feeding is not an accident and that it might be more beneficial than exclusive feeding of own young for parent Mexican Jays. The membership hypothesis and the helper‐resource hypothesis are proposed as possible explanati

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb01056.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIf debilitated prey items can be caught more efficiently than healthy ones, there is a selective advantage for predators to detect any weakness in their prey. This study investigates whether three‐spined sticklebacks(Gastcrosteus aculeatusL.) accustomed to feeding on one or the other of two types of waterfleas differing in their swimming pattern capture the unfamiliar type when given a choice. Such sequential oddity selection might serve as a mechanism for the detection of sick pre

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb01057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA comparative, descriptive and experimental investigation on Guillemots and Razorbills on Vedoy (63° 30′ N 12° E) was undertaken to discover how an egg characteristic (shape) together with behavioural characteristics enable Guillemots to incubate their egg on the bare surface of a cliff‐ledge where it is in danger of falling off. Laboratory ad field experiments with several hundred eggs showed that the pear‐shape evidently protects an egg that is rolling away from the nesting‐site from falling off: Though Guillemot eggs do not stay on the ledges better than Razorbill eggs, they would — due to their higher weight — be in greater danger of falling off if they had the shape typical of a Razorbill egg. Observations on incubating Guillemots and Rezorbills plus an field experiment showed that Guillemots are distinguished by several behavioural characteristics by which they very strongly reduce the risk of an egg rollin

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb01058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper first argues that under conditions of domestication animals are necessarily selected (incidentally or otherwise) for (1) responsitivity to a broad band of stimuli and (2) behavioral plasticity. The consequent tractability of domestic animals is contrasted with the stimulus‐boundness and response stereotypy of the fixed action patterns observed in wild animal behavior. It is suggested that this difference accounts for the differential trainability of wolves and dogs. The second section of the paper presents observational evidence that although the wolf is not very amenable to instrumental conditioning, it possesses a highly developed capacity for observational learning. It is then noted that since observational learning requires recognition of means‐ends relationships this conclusion is inconsistent with the claim that wolf behavior is largely instinct‐bound. Finally, these conclusions are reconciled by hypothesizing that the wolf possesses a “duplex” information‐processing system, a primitive “instinctual” system that mediates basic survival responses and a more recently acquired “cognitive” system that evolved as the wolt became a group hunter. Neurobehavioral and developmental comparisons of wolf and dog suggest that these two systems have become integrated into a single scheme in the course of the

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb01059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Jung, R., und V. Dietz (1976): Übung und Seitendominanz der menschlichen Willkürmotorik (Tranining and dominane in human voluntary movements).Jung, R. (1977): Motorisches Lernen, Seitendominanz und Seitenpräferenz (Motor learning, hemispheric dominance and side preference).Jung, R. (1979): Two functions of reflexes in human movement: Interaction with preprograms and gain of force (Zwei Funktionen von Reflexen bei Bewegungen des Menschen: Zusammenwirken mit Willkürbewegungen und Kraftgewinn). In: Granit, R., und 0. Pompeiano eds.: Reflex control of posture and movement.Miller P. L. (1978): Intraspecific Phoird Phoresy (Innerartliche Phoresie bei Phoriden).Miller, P. L. (1979): A possible sensory function for the stop‐go patterns of running in phorid flies (Wozu dient das Anhalten im Lauf bei Phoriden?)Radesäter, T., und A. Fernö (1979): On the function of the “eye‐spots” in agonistic behaviour in the fire‐mouth cichlid (Cichlasoma meeki) (Über die Bedeutung der Augenflecken im Kampfverhalten des Buntbarsches C. m.).Schwanck, E. (1980): The effect of size and hormonal state on the establishment of dominance in young males of Tilapia mariae (Pisces: Cichlidae) (Über die Abhängigkeit der Ranghöhe von Größe und Hormonzustand junger Männchen des Buntbarsches T. m.).Smith, S. M. (1980): Henpecked males: The general pattern in monogamy? (1st in Einehe ublicherweise das Weibchen dominant?). J. Field Ornithol.Järvi, T., T. Radesäter und S. Jakobsson (1978): Aggressive responses of two hole‐nesting passerines, Parus major and Ficedula hypoleuca, to the playback of sympatric species song (Feindreaktionen höhlenbrütender Singvögel bei Rückspielversuchen mit Gesängen sympatrischer Arten).Sjölander, S. (1976): Reproductive behviour of the Yellow‐billed Loon, Gavia adamsii (Fortpflanzungsverhalten des Gelbschnabel‐Eistauchers).—ders. (1978): Reproductive behaviour of the Black‐throated Diver Gavia arctica (Fortpflantungsverhalten des Prachttauchers).Kramer, H. (1980): Bruten europäischer Vogelarten in Gefangenschaft (Captive breeding of European birds).Anderson, J. L. (1980): The social organisation and aspects of behaviour of the Nyala Tragelaphus angasi Gray, 1849 (Über die soziale Organisation und das Verhalten der Nyala‐Antilope).Hediger, H. (1977): Nest and Home (Nest und Heim). Folia primatol.Wolters, H. E. (1975–1979): Die Vogelarten der Erde. Eine systematische Liste mit Verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen Namen (Birds of the World.Schwerdtfeger, F. (1978): Lehrbuch der Tierökologie (Textbook of animal ecology).Schwerdtfeger, F. (1979): Ökologie der Tiere. Band 2: Demökologie.Sinclair, A.R.E., und Norten‐Griffiths, eds. (1979): Serengeti. Dynamics of an Ecoystem (Serengeti.Eltringham, S. K. (1979): The Ecology and Conservation of large African Mammals (Ökologie und Erhaltung der großen afrikanischen Säugetiere).Matthes, D.(1978): Tiersymbiosen und ähnliche Formen der Vergesellschaftu

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb01060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY