摘要:

Abstract and SummaryThe behaviour ofT. commodus(Walker) in the field and in simulated natural habitats is described. Regular predictable sequences of behaviour are represented by an ethogram.Most behaviour was centred around burrows or sheltered sites. Burrows appeared to be a limiting resource and there may be behavioural dimorphism in ♂ ♂ (burrower and non‐burrower strategies).Individuals were found to form gregarious clusters and appeared to be attracted to areas already occupied by crickets. Territorial spacing and other social interactions occurred within these clusters.♂ ♂ and ♀ ♀ were found to be mobile, and moved continually between sites. The movement of ♂ ♂ and ♀ ♀ between burrows (calling sites) was measured. Adult ♂ ♂ never remained at a burrow for longer than two days. In simulated natural habitats ♂ ♂ moved in response to two factors: first, and most common, as a result of eviction by other ♂ ♂ second, as a response to the absence of ♀ ♀. When cricket density was increased in habitat simulations crickets clustered at calling sites.The adaptive significanc

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02157.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract and SummaryThis study examined the stimulus control of feeding in the carnivorous grasshopper mouse,Onychomys leucogaster.Quantitative analysis of the actions involved in feeding showed that overall feeding behaviors of lab‐reared and field‐caught mice resembled one another but that the sequence of specific actions was variable. Responses by mice to cotton swabs dipped in solutions showed that after eating several crickets, the presence of prey odor more readily elicited a feeding response. The odor and moisture cues associated with exposed viscera were shown by the use of modified prey to strongly affect the orientation of feeding. Using modified prey without exposed viscera, tactile cues associated with the head and thorax proved to be important guides in the feeding response. Feeding orientation towards the head was independent of that towards the thorax. Together these data showed that the feeding sequence resembled a reaction chain and that much of the stereotypy of the mouse's feeding response resulted from the position and alignment of the cues that orient the feeding respo

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02158.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract and SummaryThe displays and social behavior of two closely related species of leopard lizards,Gambelia silusandGambelia wislizenii, are described.1The main difference between the social behavior of the two species is the presence of home range defense inG. silusand the lack of it inG. wislizenii. G. silusis typical of iguanids in its use of displays and defense of a home range by males. However,G. wislizeniiis unusual because both sexes display infrequently, the displays do not appear to be associated with interactions between conspecifics, and neither sex defends a home range.2MaleG. silusare most likely defending an area where they can find a female on a day to day basis. The larger male home ranges included more females than the smallest home ranges. Food, burrows, basking, and shelter sites did not appear to be the primary defended resource.3The absence of home range defense inG. wislizeniiis related to its diet of vertebrate prey, mode of foraging and poor visibility in the habitat. The costs of destroying its camouflage in terms of capture of prey and predator avoidance appear to be greater than the benefits of defending a territory.

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract and SummaryLagging behind the methodological standard reached in human speech analysis, spectrograms from animal vocalisations must still be analysed at least partly “by hand”. The method described here uses minicomputer feature detection techniques to extract frequency modulation and amplitude modulation contours and the number of harmonics automatically from cotton‐top tamarin vocalisations. This system thus offers a very workable tool for the detailed analysis of animal vocalisations, as demonstrated in an application where the stereotypy of an amplitude modulation pattern of cotton‐top tamarin calls i

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract and SummaryThe role of prey movement in feeding behavior was investigated in 10 garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) repeatedly presented with paired stationary and continuously rotating sections of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). Additionally, prey odor intensity and source were varied and the performance of a tongueless snake was compared to normal animals.Experiment 1 showed that garter snakes will selectively attack rotating over nonmoving sections of earthworm across a wide range of speeds (1–2048 rpm) with an optimum between 16 and 256 rpm. However, blocking the odor from the sections and presentation of speeds greater than 500 rpm decreased response to moving sections. Experiment 2 showed that at 22–32 rpm moving sections were selected over stationary sections when odor from both was blocked.Experiment 3 assessed the effects of varying ambient odor conditions upon selection of artificial moving and stationary prey. Ambient earthworm odor resulted in a sustained high rate of tongue‐flicking while, with no odor present, snakes showed a gradually increasing rate of tongue‐flicking that declined within a few minutes.Experiments 4 and 5 studied the effects of tongue removal upon the selection of moving and nonmoving prey. Gross changes in the feeding sequence were noted. A long‐term tongue‐less adult fed by opening her mouth and thrashing about her cage when presented with earthworm odor and only preferred moving prey at 32 rpm; a control showed the normal stalk‐and‐strike sequence. The tongueless snake was less attracted to the moving earthworm at a distance than were normal snakes and the use of vision seemed less integrated rather than compensably improved.The results are discussed in reference to the critical flicker‐fusion frequency, klepto‐parasitism, and esc

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Zeitschriften / Periodicals: Körner, H. K. (1982): Countershading by physiological colour change in the fish louse Anilocra physodes L. (Crustacea: Isopoda) (Gegenschattierung durch physiologischen Farbwechsel).Jander, R. (1976): Grooming and pollen manipulation in bees (Apoidea): the nature and evolution of movements involving the foreleg (Putzverhalten und Umgang mit Blütenpollen bei Bienen: Ablauf und Evolution von Bewegungsweisen, bei denen das erste Beinpaar beteiligt ist).Winkler, H. (1982): Das Jagdverhalten des Glockenreihers Egretta ardesiaca (The feeding behaviour of the Black Heron).Schuchmann, K. L. (1983): Analyse und Ontogenese des Sperrverhaltens bei Trochiliden (Gaping behaviour in hummingbirds).Fabricius, E. (1981): Homosexualitet hos grågåshanar Anser anser (Male homosexuality in Greylag goose).Deckert, G. und K. (1982): Spielverhalten und Komfortbewegungen beim Grünflügelara (Ara chloroptera G. R. Gray) (Play behaviour and comfort movements in a pair of Crimson Macaw). Bonn. Zool.Bovet, J. (1980): Homing behaviour and orientation in the red‐backed vole, Clethrionomys gapperi (Heimkehrverhalten und Orientierung bei der Rötelmaus C. g.).Jander, R. (1975): Ecological aspects of spatial orientation (Orientierung und Ökologie).Schildmacher, H. (1982): Einführung in die Ornithologie (Introduction to ornithology). VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.Curry‐Lindahl, K. (1982): Das Große Buch vom Vogelzug. Übersetzt und bearbeitet (nach einer englischen, neubearbeiteten Fassung von “Faglar över land och hav”, Bonniers Stockholm 1975) von E. und E. BEZZEL.Curry‐Lindahl, K. (1981): Bird migration in Africa (Vogelzug in Afrika). 2 Bände. Academic Press, London—New York—San Francisco.Eltringham, S. K. (1982): Elephants (Elefanten). Blandford Mammal Series, Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset.Kingdon, J. (1982): East African mammals. An atlas of evolution in Africa. Parts III C und III D (Bovids) (Säugetiere Ost‐Afrikas.Kingdon, J. (1982): Ostafrikanische Säugetiere (East African mamm

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY