摘要:

AbstractObservations on six free ranging adult brown hyaenas (Hyaena brunnea) fitted with radio collars and beta lights were supplemented by observations on three untagged large cubs and by tracking spoor. Brown hyaenas are predominantly nocturnal and cover large distances alone each night searching for vertebrate remains and other food. Carrion is mainly located by olfactory sense, although auditory cues are also used. Excess food is often stored for short periods. Wild fruits and birds' eggs are eaten and hunting behaviour is directed towards small vertebrates and insects. Some adaptations of the brown hyaena to its environment are discussed.

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00252.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe behaviour of the three mediterranean benthic fishTripterygion tripteronotus, T. xanthosoma, andT. melanurusis described from observations in the field and observations on captive animals.The ♂♂ defend a territory only during the reproductive season; ♀♀ do not defend a territory. At the height of the breeding season, a maleT. tripteronotuson average spawns with four ♀♀ Per day. The ♂ defends the territory against egg predators and cleans the eggs. ♀♀ spawn repeatedly during a spawning season.A spawning pair ofT. tripteronotusfrequently attracts conspecifics. The majority of these “satellites” are small, sexually mature ♂♂, which do not own a territory themselves. The reproductive strategies of the two types of ♂♂ (territorial ♂♂ and satellite ♂♂) and of the ♀♀ are discussed.On the basis of ethological, morphological, and palaegeographic data the evolution of the eastern‐atlantic and mediterranean Tripterygiidae is reconstructed.A bibliography of the literature on eastern‐atlantic and mediterranean Tripterygiidae is given.As in their morphology and anatomy, benthic fish show convergent adaptations in their behaviour

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00253.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA distinction is made between fitness‐enhancing aspects of a trait and selective force(s) that result in its optimization. Any functional explanation conceived to account for the occurrence of mobbing behaviour must explain both the benefits for the initiator and for the birds joining it. Nine teleonomic hypotheses are proposed that permit predictions about the behaviour of the prey and/or the predator in terms of mobbing or its subsequent effects on the behaviour of both parties. Predictions of different hypotheses refer to different aspects of mobbing when prey and predator are considered concurrently. Only two hypotheses lead to contrasting predictions, i. e. to “strong inference tests”. The weakness of the teleonomic method is that it does not enable us to determine when the list of possible functions of a behaviour is exha

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00254.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe “Cultural Transmission Hypothesis” and the “Alerting Others Hypothesis” of enemy recognition in birds was examined in mobbing experiments with captive blackbirds. Observer birds learned to mob a novel non‐raptorial bird more strongly as a consequence of witnessing another bird mob strongly at the site of presentation. Strength of the observer's enhanced response was comparable to that elicited by a genuine predator. Under identical conditions, observers were also tutored to mob an unnatural, similar‐sized object more strongly than initially but less intensely than to the novel bird after conditioning. Habituation to the novel bird did not impair subsequent conditioning. Cultural Transmission was effective along a “chain” of at least six birds. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of selfish benefits, kin selection and blac

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00255.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAgonistic behavior between adult ♂♂ of the tropical cockroachEublaberus posticuswas studied. Observations were made under red light (590–640 nm) during the dark phase of a 12: 12 DL cycle, and recorded on a dictation instrument. Agonistic behavior appears to be causally related to territoriality. Social hierarchies are established and maintained by agonistic behavior. The application of information theory to the data shows that more information is transferred from the responder (eventual loser) to the initiator (eventual winner) of an agonistic encounter than from the initiator to the responder. A measure of information called normalized transmission is calculated which can be used to compare different sp

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00256.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Hover, E. L., undTh. A. Jenssen(1976): Descriptive analysis and social correlates of agonistic displays ofAnolls limifrons(Sauria, Iguanidae) (Analyse des Drohverhaltens vonA. l.)Verberne, G., undP. Leyhausen(1976): Marking behaviour of some Viverridae and Felidae. Time‐interval analysis of the marking pattern (Das Markierverhalten einiger Schleichkatzen und KatzenFigler, M. H., R. M. KleinundH. V. S. Peeke(1976): Establishment and reversibility of dominance relationships in Jewel Fish,Hemichromis bimaculatusGill (Pisces, Cichlidae): Effects of prior exposure and prior residence situations (Entstehung und Umkehrung von Rangordnungsbeziehungen beim Roten Buntbarsch: Die Wirkung früherer Partner‐ und Ortserfahrung)Miehlbradt, J., undD. Neumann(1976): Reproduktive Isolation durch optische Schwarmmarken bei den sympatrischenChironomus thummiPitcairn, Th. K., undM. Schleidt(1976): Dance and decision. An analysis of the courtship dance of the Medlpa, New Guinea (Tanz und EntscheidungWickler, W., undU. Seibt ed.(1973): Vergleichende VerhaltensforschungHailman, J. P.(1977): Optical Signals (Optische Signale)Smith, W. J.(1977): The Behavior of Communicating (Der Verständigung dienendes Verhalten)Mayr, E.(1975): Grundlagen der zoologischen Systematik. Theoretische und praktische Voraussetzungen für Arbeiten auf systematischem GebietFrisch, K. von(1977): Aus dem Leben der Bienen, Band 1 der Reihe Verständliche WissenschaftWermuth, H., undK. Fuchs(1978): Bestimmen von Krokodilen und ihr

ISSN:0044-3573    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00257.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY