摘要:

This paper introduces the fundamental ideas of Kalman filtering, a recursive estimation technique widely used for continuous estimation of the state of a dynamic system. The estimation problem is posed within the well known Hilbert space framework of classical linear analysis. This permits an easily grasped geometric interpretation which is stripped of cumbersome details that tend to obscure the essential notions.

ISSN:0020-739X    

DOI:10.1080/0020739860170311

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

As reported in [7], [8] and [12], there is a small theory of voting bodies which can serve as an excellent example for letting students at upper secondary school level actively participate in a process of mathematizing a situation and mathematical model building. One of the exciting problems which come up in going through this process concerns the existence of non‐measurable voting bodies. The answer to this question is positive as was first proved in the first (1944) edition of [13]. In [9] and [10] it has been shown on an elementary level that there are a variety of examples of non‐measurable voting bodies which can be related to finite geometries (see also [5] and [14]). Also in [9] and [10], the question of necessary and/or sufficient conditions for non‐measurability was discussed and some sufficient conditions were formulated and applied. In this paper a condition is formulated which is both necessary and sufficient. The proof exceeds the level of school mathematics. As is explained in [11], this characterization of measurability of voting bodies is basically related to the characterization of additivity of ranking orders on finite Boolean lattices given in [2] and [6].

ISSN:0020-739X    

DOI:10.1080/0020739860170312

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Present net worth, benefit/cost, and internal rate of return are considered for ranking investments. In some cases, rankings can be contradictory, and the investment criterion can influence inter‐project allocations. There are situations, however, when ranking equivalence is assured. In this article, conditions for equivalence in ranking investments are presented using simple graphics and algebra. The conditions are restrictive, and can be effective in demonstrating the need for discretion in selecting an economic criterion for evaluating investments.

ISSN:0020-739X    

DOI:10.1080/0020739860170313

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0020-739X    

DOI:10.1080/0020739860170314

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor