摘要:

The effects of social support provided by a friend on anxiety reduction and task performance were investigated. While the experimentally manipulated social support from a same‐gender friend did not reduce the subject's state anxiety and had a weak facilitating effect on task performance in comparison with that from a same‐gender stranger, the nonmanipulated, spontaneous social support of a friend reduced the subject?s state anxiety and had a facilitating effect on task performance more than in the case of the stranger's support. These results were discussed in terms of congruence in the provider's and the recipient's perceptions of social support exchanges, and in terms of the specificity mo

ISSN:1071-2089    

DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9861.1993.tb00030.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several studies have shown that exposure to acute laboratory stressors produces an immediate change in immune function. We examined the effects of a mild laboratory stressor on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and on psychological and cardiovascular measures in 24 adult males. Subjects in the experimental condition worked on the Stroop task without interference for 30 min with blood samples drawn at baseline, 10, 20, and 30 min into the task, and 40 min after completing the task. The 30‐min stressor produced increases in self‐reported stress and tension, and in SBP, DBP, and HR. It was also associated with a decrease in NK cell cytotoxicity 40 min after the stressor. Results are discussed in relation to the effects of mild and intense stressors and future research implicati

ISSN:1071-2089    

DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9861.1993.tb00031.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present experiment examined the effects of exercise and the prevention of access to sweet food on nicotine cessation‐induced changes in body weight, body fat, and plasma insulin levels in rats. As in previous studies, nicotine administration reduced body weight gain and sweet food consumption, and nicotine cessation increased body weight gain and sweet food consumption. Exercise (swimming) reduced nicotine cessation‐induced increases in weight gain and body fat, and reduced plasma insulin levels. Preventing access to sweet food also reduces plasma insulin levels and body fat, but did not reduce weight gain. Insulin sensitivity is discussed as a possible mechanism for changes in body weight resulting from nicotine administration and cessation. In addition, the possible implications of these findings for behavioral and pharmacological interventions to prevent weight gain induced by smoking cessation are presen

ISSN:1071-2089    

DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9861.1993.tb00032.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A measure assessing an individual's ability to assert the use of condoms was developed using,N= 248, heterosexually active college men and women. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures were performed. External validity for the assertion for condom use measure was established by integrating the measure with the stages of change dimension from the transtheoretical model of behavior change. The transtheoretical model posits that both the cessation of high‐risk behaviors and the acquisition of health behaviors involve the progression through five stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The results indicated that individuals were further along in the stages of change for using condoms with a casual partner, as compared to a steady partner. The degree to which assertive condom use behavior was engaged in was related to an individual's stage of readiness for using condoms with the two types of partners. The utility of stage‐matched intervention strategies, as opposed to the action‐oriented approaches to modify high‐risk sexual behavior, is di

ISSN:1071-2089    

DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9861.1993.tb00033.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There is evidence that long‐term maintenance of a low‐fat diet reduces preference for high‐fat foods. Sensory evaluation of the taste of fat, and preference for high and low‐fat foods were studied in a group of former participants in a randomized dietary intervention trial aimed at lowering fat consumption. Intervention subjects consuming less than 25% of daily calories as fat and control subjects consuming more than 35% of daily calories as fat agreed to be in a “taste perception” study. In Study 1, subjects tasted 20 dairy solutions containing different levels of fat and sugar. Subjects rated the perceived intensity of fat taste, and of liking, for each of the solutions. In Study 2, subjects were asked to taste and rate 4 high‐fat and 4 low‐fat snack foods, and were then allowed to freely consume these foods in a preference test. Intervention and control subjects were similar in their sensory evaluation of the taste of fat in Study 1. In Study 2, intervention subjects reported a reduced hedonic rating of the taste of high‐fat snack foods compared to control subjects, yet intervention subjects consumed the same amount of high‐fat snack foods as control subjects. We conclude that a successful outcome in a dietary intervention may be due to social and cognitive factors, in addition to potential changes in hedo

ISSN:1071-2089    

DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9861.1993.tb00034.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY