ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The possibility of biological monitoring of exposure to some volatile, ha.logena.ted hydrocarbons will be discussed. Most of these agents are widely used as solvents. All agents act on the nervous system as narcotics and differ widely in toxicity. Most of the solvents undergo biotransformation to metabolites. This allows biological assessment of exposure by measurement of the solvent and/or metabolites in exhaled air, blood, and/or urine. However, the same metabolites may occur with exposure to different chlorinated hydrocarbons, eg, trichloroe-thanol and trichloroacetic acid from exposure to trichloroeth-ene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. On the other hand, these agents differ widely in the percentage that is metabolized. There are large gaps in our knowledge, however, and much research will have to be carried out before even tentative data can be established for most of the solvents.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Immunoassay techniques may represent useful screening tools to assist analysts interested in the presence and amounts of organic toxicants in biological fluids. The widespread application of immunoassay methods in medicinal and forensic (drugs of abuse) chemistry has resulted in such screening methodologies. Four methodologies of potential benefit are considered: the free radical assay technique, the enzyme-mediated immunoassay technique, radioimmunoassay, and hemagglutination. Each of these immunoassays is based on the competitive displacement of the labeled drug (or toxicant) from the antibody complex by the unlabeled drug-toxicant in the sampl

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Breath analysis has been proposed on numerous occasions for monitoring solvent exposure. Nevertheless, it is still rarely used routinely because of (1) difficulties in the methodology itself (sampling and analysis) and (2) lack of data concerning its relationship to exposure dose. The various methods available today are briefly reviewed, compared, and discussed. Emphasis is on the simultaneous use of COz as a respiratory index. Two methods using this approach are presented. The advantages and limitations of breath analysis for occupational exposure monitoring are discussed using data obtained in experimental, field, and simulation studies. Benzene toluene, styrene, 1,1,1-trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene are taken as examples of solvents showing various toxicokinetic properties. Finally, breath analysis is compared with other biological monitoring methods.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Twenty volatile organic compounds were measured in the personal air and drinking water of 350 New Jersey residents in the fall of 1981. Two consecutive 12-hour integrated personal air samples and two tap water samples were collected from each participant. At the end of the 24-hour monitoring period, each participant supplied a sample of exhaled breath. Simultaneous outdoor samples were collected in 100 residential locations in two cities. Eleven compounds were present much of the time in air, but only four (the trihalomethanes) in water; wide ranges of exposures (three to four orders of magnitude) were noted for most compounds. Ten of 11 compounds displayed significant correlations between air exposures and breath concentrations; the 11th (chloroform) was correlated with drinking water exposures. It was concluded that breath measurements are a feasible, cost-effective, and highly sensitive way to determine environmental and occupational exposures to volatile organic compounds.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Assays of hair and body fluid concentrations may be valuable measurements of acute exposure to a heavy metal, but they do not provide insight into the total heavy metal intake when the intake is low and chronic. The use of an x-ray fluorescence technique (XRF) enables measurement of the long-term retention of various heavy metals in select tissues in vivo. XRF was used to measure the mercury content of head and bone tissue in 298 dentists with long-term exposure to mercury-containing amalgams. It was also used to evaluate the lead burden of persons suspected of having elevated lead exposure at the workplace, and to assay the lead levels in urban and rural children. These studies indicated that the x-ray fluorescence method of assaying heavy metals in vivo is noninvasive, safe, rapid, and sensitive to levels of many heavy metals that accumulate in human tissues.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Some of the practical concerns associated with performing routine analyses of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic) in various biological matrices are the selection of the biological matrix for monitoring, the sample collection, sample storage and shipment, and sample preparation and analysis. Other factors that affect the quality of the analytical values include contamination of sampling materials, blood drawing procedures, methods of obtaining urine samples, sample homogeneity, instrument calibration and performance, and laboratory quality control programs. A total system quality control approach is necessary to obtain accurate analyses of metals in biological samples, just as it is in all analytical situations.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An estimated 4 to 5 million persons work in agriculture; within this sector, mixers, loaders, applicators, and other workers who directly handle agricultural chemicals are at highest risk for pesticide-related illnesses. Among field workers, seasonal workers engaged in certain cultivation and harvesting operations are also at risk of exposure to pesticide residues. Biological screening for agricultural workers is limited at present to pesticide mixers, loaders, and applicators, and consists almost exclusively of measurements of cholinesterase activity to estimate inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate compounds. We review here the measurement and interpretation of cholinesterase activity in occupationally exposed populations and the correlation between cholinesterase activity and symptoms of acute and chronic illness among agricultural workers. The only state to mandate medical surveillance for agricultural workers is California: criteria for surveillance, baseline cholinesterase determination, periodicity of testing, and criteria for removal from and return to work are described, and alternative approaches for screening and clinical evaluations are discussed.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Analytical methods have been developed for the detection of a variety of compounds that are found intact or as metabolites in biological samples from workers exposed to pesticides. Such tests are used primarily in research settings to describe patterns of absorption, metabolism, and excretion, to derive exposure limits for occupational exposure, to evaluate the adequacy of these limits and of work practices in field settings, and to confirm the etiology of poisonings for medicolegal purposes. We review here methods used in studies of occupational pesticide exposure, with particular attention to validation in terms of dose-response relationships, to technical complexity and cost, to the requirements for analytical quality control, and to the utility of these methods for field research purposes. Biological monitoring for intact pesticides or metabolites in agricultural workers is limited to few chemicals, notably, pentachlorophenol, methyl bromide, and chlordime-form. These programs and their use in regulation and enforcement are described

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The aromatic amine 4,4' -methylenebis(S-chloroaniline) (MBOCA), an animal carcinogen, is used commercially as a curing agent for isocyanate-containing polymers. It is structurally similar to other aromatic amines that cause bladder cancer in occupationally exposed workers. Since the late 1970s, MBOCA users have relied on urinary monitoring as the primary method of assessing MBOCA exposure in the workplace. This paper (1) outlines uncertainties about MBOCA's metabolism in humans that complicate interpretation of urinary MBOCA results; (2) describes alternative laboratory techniques for measuring MBOCA in urine; and (3) discusses observations from site visits concerning the practical application of urinary monitoring. Recommendations to improve the efficacy of monitoring programs for urinary MBOCA are outlined.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID