摘要:

Past studies with animals have demonstrated that 4-ami-nobiphenyl (ABP) administration results in the formation of appreciable amounts of adducts between the carcinogen and both serum albumin and hemoglobin. The hemoglobin adduct is relatively stable in vivo, but may be readily hydrolyzed in vitro to regenerate ABP. The formation of this adduct reflects a mixed-function oxidase-mediated metabolic pathway operating directly on the amine. The predominant albumin adduct, 3-(tryptophan-Nl-yl)-4-acetylaminobiphenyl, reflects the contribution of N-acetyltransferase activity as well as mixed function oxidase activity to the overall metabolism. The simultaneous measurement of these two different adducts thus offers an opportunity to investigate the role of both ABP and acetylator phenotype in bladder carcinogenesis. An analytical method, using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection, was developed to quantitate ABP adducted to hemoglobin.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Assays of human body uuids provide a means to document human exposure to mutagens in the environment. In contrast to measurements of ambient levels, these assays demonstrate absorption of mutagens and provide estimates of minimal systemic doses. For most studies reviewed here, specimens of urine were concentrated by adsorption to columns of XAD-8 resin or by liquid partition extraction prior to the mutagenesis assays. The resulting extracts most commonly were analyzed for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsomal plate assay. Less frequently used assays included bacterial fluctuation tests instead of the plate assay and assays for the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured mammalian cells. In addition to reviewing literature reports where body fluids were tested, the advantages, disadvantages, and potential role of this approach will be briefly discussed and compared with other approaches to the identification of mutagenic hazards in the workplace.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Lung function testing. among- occupationally exposed workers has demonstrated its usefulness in risk evaluation and, once risks are identified, in medical surveillance. Its usefulness for screening and biological monitoring for effects of exposure is not yet established; in part, this is due to some failure to understand the requirements for screening and for monitoring, and in part, it is due to some unresolved questions as to procedures and their interpretation. The use of screening in occupational groups in general and those exposed to inhala-tional risks is evaluated. The current recommendation is that priority for screening be given to risk factor reduction, including smoking cessation. Problems associated with screening relate to procedures, equipment, and interpretation of data.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Indices of the maximal forced expiration are the most widely adopted method of screening for occupational lung disease because of their ease of measurement, employee acceptability, and reproducibility. However, these indices may lack sensitivity, specificity, or validity in detecting cases of some occupational lung diseases at asymptomatic stages when intervention may affect outcome. In populations at increased risk for occupational asthma, pneumoconiosis, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis, three other types of screening are being evaluated in field settings: tests for bronchial hyperreactivity, barriers to diffusion, and abnormalities in gas distribution in the lung. The potential methods of screening cold air challenge, meth-acholine challenge, peak flow logs, diffusing capacity, and single breath nitrogen testsawait clinical trials in industrial settings to evaluate whether early case finding of susceptible subjects can result in prevention of morbidity.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An electric utility screened 1,455 production employees for job exposure to Legionella pneumophila sources, illness history, and antibodies to L pneumophila serotypes I-IV. L pneu-mophila-associated illness outbreaks had occurred in a neighboring electric utility district; bacteria serocompatible with L pneumophila had been detected in all four plants participating in an environmental survey, and the company was concerned about the implications of these findings for their employees and the public living near power plants with large cooling towers. The survey revealed a prevalence of antibodies in employees consistent with general population surveys. Within the employee group, antibody titer was not associated with either reports of recent illness or work exposure to potential L pneumophila sources. Inability to detect a relationship between exposure to potential L pneumophila sources and specific antibody results was used to define L pneumophila as a historic nonproblem for this company and to rationally advise against the need for an ongoing screening program.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Surveillance for musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity in industry is in its infancy. Research efforts to elucidate the causal factors of these disorders often rely on either the analysis of existing medical records, worker compensation records (passive surveillance), or the surveying of workers with questionnaire and physical examination (active surveillance). The use of either type of data for routine surveillance presents several difficulties illustrated with the results presented in this paper. The analysis of existing records is generally less costly but the reliability of the data is difficult to assess. Standardized questionnaire and physical examinations can be as sensitive as the use of unusually thorough existing occupational medical records; however, it is unclear whether the additional cost of an active surveillance system will deter the routine use of such systems.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The efforts to clean up hazardous waste disposal sites have led to an increasing number of workers involved in these activities. Industrial hygiene surveys have demonstrated that these workers are potentially exposed to low levels of multiple contaminants during the work day and to high levels of some contaminants for very short time periods. Personal protective equipment and work practices are important components in protecting workers from these exposures. Medical monitoring for these workers is problematic. While monitoring for the potential health effects of these multiple exposures may be useful, any attempt to monitor for possible health effects of all potential exposures could lead to a long array of medical tests. The utility and effectiveness of this approach is doubtful. Screening for a worker's physical ability to conduct hazardous waste cleanup jobs while he wearing protective equipment is also important and may cause difficulties due to our limited knowledge in this area. These issues will be discussed in the context of various programs designed to monitor these workers.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A computerized system using concepts of profiling and problem orientation will be described and examples of its use demonstrated. The system contains or accesses files on employee demography, job history, and current task lists, inventory of workplace risks categorized as physical, chemical, and functional, a master chemical inventory, and individual exposure records. By using Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine codes, a complete medical file catalogs all physiological and pathological variables, disease states, and functional responses. Profiling exposures and medical conditions enhances inquiry of the large data base that is accumulated.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the (1) objectives of screening programs, particularly for cancer, (2) characteristics of diseases suitable for screening, (3) features of suitable screening tests, (4) levels of program evaluation, and (5) evidence on the advantages and disadvantages of screening. Diseases suitable for screening are those leading to serious morbidity and high mortality, those with a prolonged preclinical phase in their natural course, and those for which effective therapy is available following early diagnosis. Useful screening procedures have documented validity, acceptability, and safety and are performed with relative ease and modest cost. These generic issues in cancer screening are examined in the context of screening for cervical, breast, and lung cancer. Each of these cancers illustrates how to weigh different kinds of evidence when advocating or rejecting screening.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID